Ottomancavalryschoolinthecapital.Thesecoursesfocusedontheneedto
maintaindisciplineandorderwithintheunitsandimprovethestandardsof
trainingandhorsecare.⁶⁷
Thepreviouslyneglectedpracticaleducationwasintensifiedafter 1909 .Fu-
turestaffofficershadtoservefortwoyearsinanactiveregimenttocounterbal-
ancetheirformertheoreticaleducation.⁶⁸Newtrainingfacilitieswerealsobuilt
fortheotherranks.FortherecruitmentofqualifiedNCOsfromthefirsttothe
sixthOttomanarmycorps,onemodelregimenteachfortheinfantry,cavalry
andartillerywereestablished.Herepreselectedprivatesweretrainedforone
yearfortheirpromotiontotherankofcorporal.Inaddition,sixNCOschools
wereestablishedinordertobroadenanddeepentheknowledgeofcorporals
andsergeants.MostoftheseschoolswereledbyaGermaninstructionofficer.
Specialattentionwasalsogiventoanimprovedlifefiretrainingoftheactive
troops,whichhadbeenneglectedundertheruleofAbdülhamidII.Underthe
commandofColonelvonByern,aschoolforinfantryshootingwasopenedin
SoğanlıclosetoMaltepe,eastoftheOttomancapital.⁶⁹Thisfacilitybecame
aninnovativetraininggroundforfuturedevelopmentsintheOttomaninfantry.
ItfollowedGermanstandards.⁷⁰InsomeoftheregulationstranslatedintoOtto-
manTurkishinMaltepe,thesemanticproximitytotheGermanoriginalwasevi-
dent.⁷¹Insomeregards,thefacilityinthehillsaboveMaltepeevensurpassedthe
Germanrolemodel.Here,morethan 600 soldierscouldexercisewithliveammu-
nitionsimultaneouslyonparallelshootingranges.⁷²
Nevertheless,therewerealsolimitationstothetransferabilityofPrussian
militaryeducationmethodsindirectcontactbetweenGermanofficersandOtto-
manrecruits.Thoseencountershadnotalwaysbeneficialoutcomes.ColonelSi-
SeetheSeptember 1912 publicationofselectedcoursesin:[Franz]Bopp,Süvari:PasCavalier,
Cavalerie.Trans.MahmudHakkı(Istanbul:NefasetMatbaası,1 32 8/ 1912 ).
Akmeşe,TheBirthofModernTurkey,118.
Anonymous,”DieInfanterieschuleninderosmanischenArmee,”OsmanischerLloyd,23Feb-
ruary 1912.
SeetheadvertisementforMaltepestaffmemberYussufPaşalıTahsin’stranslationoftheGer-
manmachinegunregulationinMecmua-ıFünun-uAskeriye 21 – 10 (1327/1911).
SeethewordlytranslationoftheGermaninstructor’ssentence“Ofhowmanypartsisthe
carbine 98 composed?”as“Mauzertüfeğibaşlıcakaçparçadır?”intheOttomaninfantrysol-
dier’sinstructionmanual’squestion-responsesection;AhmedAli,PiyadeEfrâdDersleriNr.3:
KüçükÇaplıMauzerTüfeğiveUsûl-uTathir[RiflemanInstructionsNo.3:TheMauserBigBore
RifleanditsCleaningProcedure],2nded.(Istanbul:Mekteb-iHarbiyeMatbaası,1 32 6/1910),2.
OntheHistoryoftheOttomanandTurkishMauserboltactionriflesseeRobertD.Ball,Mauser
MilitaryRiflesoftheWorld,5thed.(Iola:KrausePublicatons,2011), 374 – 389.
Anonymous,“DasgefechtsmäßigeSchießenbeiMaltepe,”OsmanischerLloyd,11July1912.
GermanInstructorsinOttomanService, 1909 – 1912 43