Chinese Martial Arts. From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century

4. Yang Hong,Weapons, 4.


5. Mark Edward Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China, Albany: State
   University of New York Press, 1990 , 27.


6. The association of hunters and martial artists is evident in several characters
   from the sixteenth-century novel,The Water Margin(Shuihuzhuan). See Shi
   Nai’an and Luo Guanzhong,Shuihuzhuan, Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1997 ,and
   in English translation, Shi Nai’an and Luo Guanzhong, Sidney Shapiro (trans.),
   Outlaws of the Marsh, Beijing: Foreign Language Press and Bloomington:
   Indiana University Press, 1981. Additionally, bandits, those other regular anti-
   establishment martial practitioners, often lived in the mountains or wilds where
   they would have hunted for sustenance.


7. The other two were the ancestral temple and stables. All of these together
   linked the three activities of sacrifice, warfare, and hunting. See Mark Edward
   Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China, 19. There is no indication of
   whether the military storehouse included a manufacturing facility, or whether
   the weapons stored there represented all or most of the weapons provided for
   the army in times of war.
   8 .Zuozhuan Zhu, Lord Zhao year 1 , pp. 1211 – 12 , cited and translated in Lewis,
   Sanctioned Violence in Early China, 43.


8. Lewis,Sanctioned Violence, 23.


9. Lewis,Sanctioned Violence, 127.


10. Wenwu Chubanshe,Yinxu Dixia Guibao:Henan Anyang Fu Hao Mu,
    Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe, 1994 , 119.


11. Yang Hong,Weapons, 58.


12. This discussion of the chariot follows Edward L. Shaughnessy,“Historical
    Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China,”Harvard Journal
    of Asiatic Studies, 48 ( 1988 ), 189 – 237.
    14 .Some Chinese scholars have argued for the presence of cavalry in the Shang
    dynasty. The evidence of one tomb may indicate horse-riding, but, particularly
    in the absence of other such tombs, it does not demonstrate that the occupant
    fought from horseback.


13. Shaughnessy,“Historical Perspectives,” 214.


14. Shaughnessy,“Historical Perspectives,” 231.


15. Lewis,Sanctioned Violence, 228.


16. Lewis,Sanctioned Violence, 226.


17. James Legge (trans.),Shi jing, New York: Paragon Reprint, 1967 , 286 – 7.

2 The Warring States Period

1. Confucius (Edward Slingerland, trans.),The Analects, Indianapolis: Hackett,
   2003 , 86.
   2 .Lewis,Sanctioned Violence in Early China, Albany: State University of New York
   Press, 199051.


2. While it seems likely that Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi were actual historical
   figures, Laozi, Sunzi, and Zhuangzi were probably not. The texts attributed to
   any of thesefigures all have complex histories. For the sake of convenience, I will

246 Notes to Pages 16 – 33