Central Committee plenum, 19 September 1989: RGASPI, f. 3, op. 5, d. 295,
p. 32 (heavily corrected page of a minuted speech by Gorbachëv).
T. G. Stepanov (interview), Hoover Institution and Gorbachev Foundation
Collection (hereafter HIGFC): Hoover Institution, Stanford University, CA
(hereafter HIA), box 3, folder 1, pp. 40–1.
Introduction
See F. Romero, Storia della guerra fredda. L’ultimo conflitto per l’Europa
(Turin: Einaudi, 2009); G. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money,
Power and the Origins of Our Time, 2nd edn (London: Verso, 2009); G.
Arrighi, ‘The World Economy and the Cold War, 1970–1990’, in M. Leffler
and O. A. Westad (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 3 (Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
See A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachëvym (Moscow: Progress, 1993); see
also R. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American–Soviet Relations and the End
of the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1994); A.
Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); J. F.
Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985–1991 (Wash-
ington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997); J. Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989:
The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe (Berkeley: University of Cali-
fornia Press, 1997); D. S. Foglesong, The American Mission and the ‘Evil
Empire’: The Crusade for a Free Russia since 1881 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2007); V. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Empire in the
Cold War: From Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 2007).
3 See G. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New
York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993). See also M. Anderson, Revolution: The
