Dissident Voices 289Postal Union, which continues to operate. In 1865, an International Tele-
graphic Convention was concluded, to which all states were invited to ac-
cede. Overseeing this arrangement was the International Telegraphic Bu-
reau, based in Berne, Switzerland, which began operations in 1869. An
International Radiotelegraphic Union was established in 1906.
A wide variety of other international organizations were created in other
fi elds. In 1897, for example, an International Maritime Committee was formed
in Brussels. Its work led to the concluding of two international conventions in
1910: one on collisions at sea and the other on assistance and salvage at sea.
For the rights of laborers, an International Labor Offi ce was established in
- To deal with unfair trading practices in the sugar trade (chiefl y in the
form of placing limits on government subsidies), a Permanent Sugar Com-
mission was established in 1902. It was estimated that, by 1911, over forty-
fi ve public international unions were in existence.
Th ese developments gave rise to some new terminology. Th e phrase “in-
ternational or ga ni za tion,” was coined, apparently by Lorimer in an address
in 1868. Ten years later, the term “international administration” was in-
vented by Bluntschli and later employed by Fedor Fedorovich Martens.
More substantively, a new outlook on law arose, too. A pioneer fi gure in this
was a German po liti cal scientist named Lorenz von Stein. Stein fi rst taught
at the University of Kiel, then part of Denmark, but was dismissed for advo-
cating in de pen dence for the province of Schleswig- Holstein. He spent the
rest of his career at the University of Vienna as a professor of po liti cal econ-
omy. He was a historian of socialist and communist movements and was also
infl uenced by the writings of St.- Simon. When running for parliament in
Austria in 1874, he openly proclaimed himself to be a St.- Simonian. In 1865–
68, he produced a massive, seven- volume treatise on the doctrine of admin-
istration, which marked the start of academic study of what would become
known as international administrative law. His work became infl uential in
Japan, aft er several important fi gures in the Japa nese government studied
under him in Vienna.
In the following generation, a prominent spokesman for this new interna-
tional administrative law was an American named Paul S. Reinsch, who
taught po liti cal science at the University of Wisconsin— including the fi rst
comprehensive course on the subject of these international unions (as he
called them). Th ere is little evidence that Reinsch’s views were the fruit of