- See Chapter 1.
- See C. E. Merriam Jr., History of the Th eory of Sovereignty since Rousseau (New
York: Columbia University Press,, 1900), 130– 57. - John Austin, Th e Province of Jurisprudence Determined (London: Weidenfeld
and Nicholson, 1955 [1832]), 193. - Ibid., 141– 43.
- Ibid., 140– 41. See also Brian C. Schmidt, Th e Po liti cal Discourse of Anarchy: A
Disciplinary History of International Relations (Albany: State University of New York
Press, 1998), 64– 66, 102– 7. - William Edward Hall, A Treatise on International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Claren-
don Press, 1890), 1– 2. - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., “Natural Law,” 32 Harvard L. Rev. 40– 44 (1918), 42.
- Ibid.
- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Th e Common Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1881), 1.
- See J. B. Schneewind, “Autonomy, Obligation, and Virtue: An Overview of
Kant’s Moral Philosophy,” in Paul Guyer, ed., Th e Cambridge Companion to Kant,
309– 41 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). - David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (London: Penguin, 1969 [1739– 40]),
- See, for example, Georg Schwarzenberger, Th e Inductive Approach to International
Law (London: Stevens, 1965). On Schwarzenberger, see Chapter 10. - For use of the term “voluntarism,” see Georg Schwarzenberger, Power Politics:
An Introduction to the Study of International Relations and Post- War Planning (Lon-
don: Jonathan Cape, 1941), 41; Gerhart Niemeyer, Law without Force: Th e Function of
Politics in International Law (Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1941), 332;
and Charles de Visscher, Th eory and Reality in Public International Law, 2nd ed.
(Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 1968), 52– 54. Th e fi rst use of the word as a
technical philosophical term has been credited to the German sociologist Ferdinand
Tönnies. - See Chapter 5.
- New York Trust Co. v. Eisner, 256 U.S. 345 (1921), 349.
- On the pragmatist tradition in that period, see Chapter 5.
- See A. de La Pradelle, Maîtres et doctrines du droit des gens, 2nd ed. (Paris: Édi-
tions internationales, 1950), 201– 10. - Henry Wheaton, Elements of International Law (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and
Blanchard, 1836), 45– 48. - See La Pradelle, Maîtres et doctrines, 195– 99.
- A.- G. Hefft er, Le droit international public de l’Eu rope, trans. Jules Bergson
(Berlin: E.- H. Schroeder, 1857), 4– 5. - Richard Wildman, Institutes of International Law, vol. 1 (London: William Ben-
ning, 1849), 1– 5. - See La Pradelle, Maîtres et doctrines, 211– 18.
Notes to Pages 223–228 517