238; and Léon Michoud, La théorie de la personalité morale et son application au droit
français, vol. 1 (Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1906), 82– 85.- Jean- Jacques Rousseau, Th e Social Contract (1762), in Th e Social Contract and
Discourses, 193. - On Savigny, see Frederick C. Beiser, Th e German Historicist Tradition (Ox ford:
Oxford University Press, 2011), 214– 52. - On fascist views of international law, see Chapter 9.
- G. F. W. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, ed. Allen W. Wood; trans. H.
B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [1821]), 366. - See Erich Kaufmann, “Règles générales du droit de la paix,” 54 RdC 309– 620
(1935), 441– 42. - Jochen von Bernstorff and Th omas Dunlap, Th e Public International Law Th e-
ory of Hans Kelsen: Believing in Universal Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2010), 21– 22. - Ibid., 22– 23.
- Ibid., 39, n. 117.
- On this phase of Kaufmann’s career, see John D. Lewis, Th e Genossenschaft -
theory of Otto von Gierke: A Study in Po liti cal Th ought (Madison, WI: University of
Wisconsin Studies in the Po liti cal Sciences and History, 1935), 93– 94; and Martti
Koskenniemi, Th e Gentle Civilizer of Nations: Th e Rise and Fall of International Law
1870 – 1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 179– 81. - Lewis, Genossenschaft - theory, 93.
- Erich Kaufmann, Das Wesen des Völkerrechts und die Clausula Rebus Sic Stan-
tibus: Rechtsphilosophische Studie zum Rechts-, Staats- und Vertragsbegriff e (Tübin-
gen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1911). - For a thorough treatment, see Wictor Sukiennicki, La souveraineté des États en
droit international moderne (Paris: A. Pedone, 1926), 168– 211. - See Leibniz, “Meditation on the Common Concept of Justice,” in Th e Po liti cal
Writings of Leibniz , 2nd ed., ed. and trans. Patrick Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988), 60; and Leibniz, “On the Notions of Right and Justice,” from
the preface to Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus (1693), i n L eibn i z , Selections, ed.
Philip P. Weiner (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951), 560. - On the development of the Rechtsstaat concept, see Leonard Krieger, Th e Ger-
man Idea of Freedom: History of a Po liti cal Tradition (Chicago, IL: University of Chi-
cago Press, 1957), 252– 61. - See Rudolf von Jhering, Law as a Means to an End, trans. Isaac Husik (New
York: Macmillan 1914 [1877– 83]), 281– 325. - See Emmanuelle Jouannet, Th e Liberal- Welfarist Law of Nations: A History of
International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 34– 48. - Immanuel Kant, Th eory and Practice, in Po liti cal Writings, 61– 92, 2nd ed., ed. Hans
Reiss; trans. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [1793]), 73.
Notes to Pages 236–241 519