Bibliographic Essay
Th is essay is designed to inform general readers of relevant readings that can be prof-
itably consulted for more detailed treatment of the various topics covered— necessarily
briefl y— in this book. It does not purport or pretend to be a comprehensive bibliogra-
phy. In par tic u lar, works that are not readily available or that are highly technical are
deliberately not included here. Th ey are identifi ed, where relevant, in notes to the text.
GeneralTh ere are several general works that readers may fi nd useful. Douglas M. Johnston,
Th e Historical Foundations of World Order: Th e Tower and the Arena (Martinus Ni-
jhoff , 2008) is an im mensely learned book, focusing on the role of law in international
aff airs, that is, on state practice more than on the intellectual aspects of the subject. It
is broadly chronological up to 1905 and then topical aft er that (thereby largely omit-
ting the interwar period). See also Wilhelm Grewe, Th e Epochs of International Law
(trans. and rev. by Michael Byers; Walter de Gruyter, 2000), which also concentrates
on state practice rather than on ideas, beginning with medieval Eu rope and tracing a
selected number of topics through history. It is, eff ectively, a po liti cal history of inter-
national law. A work that focuses on ideas with comparatively little attention to state
practice is Gustavo Gozzi, Diritti e civilità: Storia e fi losofi a del diritto internazionale
(Il Mulino, 2010), which begins with the sixteenth century. Slim Laghmani, Histoire
du droit des gens du jus gentium au jus publicum europaeum (Pedone, 2004) concen-
trates on the broad intellectual aspects of international law and the po liti cal factors
underlying them, covering the subject up to the First World War. Dominque Gaurier,
Histoire du droit international: Auteurs, doctrines et développement de l’Antiquité à
l’aube de la période contemporaine (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005) also pro-
vides a thorough survey of both state practice and the contributions of a wide range of
individual writers, up to the period of the First World War.
Some older treatments continue to be very useful. Prominent in this regard is Ar-
thur Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Nations (2nd ed.; Macmillan, 1954).
An unjustly neglected work is Adda B. Bozeman, Politics and Culture in International
History (Prince ton University Press, 1960). See also Ludwik Ehrlich, “Th e Development
of International Law as a Science,” 105 RdC 173– 265 (1962). Martin Wight, Systems of