Bibliographic Essay 565Britton, “Chinese Interstate Intercourse before 700 b.c.,” 29 AJIL 616– 35 (1935). On
Chinese ideas about international relations generally, see C. P. Fitzgerald, Th e Chinese
View of Th eir Place in the World (Oxford University Press, 1964); Benjamin I.
Schwartz, “Th e Chinese Perception of World Order, Past and Present,” in John King
Fairbank (ed.), Th e Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations, 276–
88 (Harvard University Press, 1968); and Yang Lien- sheng, “Historical Notes on the
Chinese World Order,” in Fairbank (ed.), Chinese World Order, 20– 33. On the Confu-
cian tradition in international aff airs, see Russell, Th eories of International Relations,
19– 25. Th e classic work, W. A. P. Martin, Th e Lore of Cathay; or Th e Intellect of China
(Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901), continues to be useful.
More specifi cally on international law in the preimperial era, see Yongjin Zhang,
“System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations,” 27(5) Rev. Int’l Stud.
43– 63 (2001), 45– 51; Chen Shih- tsai, “Th e Equality of States in Ancient China,” 35
AJIL 641– 50 (1941); and Wang Tieya, “International Law in China: Historical and
Contemporary Perspectives,” 221 RdC 195– 309 (1990), 205– 13. On treaty making, see
John K. Fairbank, “Th e Early Treaty System in the Chinese World Order,” in Fairbank
(ed .), Chinese World Order, 257– 75. On Mencius in par tic u lar, see Kwong- loi Shun,
Mencius and Early Chinese Th ought (Stanford University Press, 1997), 163– 73; Russell,
Th eories of International Relations, 20– 22; and Elbert Duncan Th omas, Chinese Po liti-
cal Th ought: A Study Based upon the Th eories of the Principal Th inkers of the Chou
Period (Williams and Norgate, 1928), 244– 52.
On the imperial period in China (i.e., post 221 b.c.), see Zhang, “System, Empire
and State,” 51– 58. For a more specifi cally legal focus, see Douglas M. Johnston, Th e
Historical Foundations of World Order: Th e Tower and the Arena (Martinus Nijhoff ,
2008), 471– 80; and Tieya, “International Law in China,” 214– 25. On the tribute sys-
tem, the core institution of international relations in the period, see Charles Hol-
combe, Th e Genesis of East Asia 221b.c. – a.d. 907 (Association for Asian Studies,
2001), 53– 60. On the nature of China’s relations with neighboring states in the Sung
period (tenth to thirteenth centuries), see Morris Rossabi (ed.), China among Equals:
Th e Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th– 14th Centuries (University of California
Press, 1983), especially two of the contributions: Wang Gungwu, “Th e Rhetoric of a
Lesser Empire: Early Sung Relations with Its Neighbors,” 47– 65; and Tao Jing- shen,
“Barbarians or Northerners: Northern Sung Images of the Khitans,” 66– 86.
On ancient Greece and Rome generally, there is still much that is valuable in Cole-
man Phillipson, Th e International Law and Custom of Ancient Greece and Rome (2
vols.; Macmillan, 1911). On the Greek state system generally, see Watson, Evolution of
International Society, 47– 68; Bederman, International Law in Antiquity, 31– 41; Ma r-
tin Wight, Systems of States (ed. by Hedley Bull; Leicester University Press, 1977),
46– 72; Russell, Th eories of International Relations, 51– 74; Arthur M. Eckstein, Medi-
terranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (University of California
Press, 2006), 37– 117; and Polly Low, Interstate Relations in Classical Greece: Morality
and Power (Cambridge University Press, 2007), especially 77– 128, where legal themes