572 Bibliographic EssayReligious Capacity of the American Indians (Northern Illinois University Press, 1974),
57– 112; Hanke, Spanish Struggle, 113– 32; and Lupher, Romans in a New World, 133–
- On Sepúlveda’s case in that debate, see Ángel Losada, “Th e Controversy between
Sepúlveda and Las Casas in the Junta of Valladolid,” in Juan Friede and Benjamin
Keen (eds.), Bartolomé de Las Casas in History: Toward an Understanding of the Man
and His Work, 279– 306 (Northern Illinois University Press, 1971).
Va r iou s i nd i v idu a l fi gures from this period have been the subject of scholarly at-
tention, and none more than Vitoria. On this seminal fi gure, see Martin C. Ortega,
“Vitoria and the Universalist Conception of International Relations,” in Ian Clark and
Iver B. Neumann (eds.), Classical Th eories of International Relations, 99– 119 (Mac-
millan, 1996); Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of Interna-
tional Law (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 13– 31; J. A. Fernandez- Santamaria,
Th e State, War and Peace: Spanish Po liti cal Th ought in the Re nais sance 1516– 1559
(Cambridge University Press, 1977), 58– 119; David Kennedy, “Primitive Legal Schol-
arship,” 27 Harvard Int’l L. J. 1– 98 (1986), 13– 40; Gustavo Gozzi, Diritti e civilità:
Storia e fi losofi a del diritto internazionale (Il Mulino, 2010), 26– 38; Muldoon, Popes,
Lawyers, and Infi dels, 143– 50; Ramón Hernández, “Th e Internationalization of Fran-
cisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto,” 15 Fordham Int’l L. J. 1031– 59 (1991), 1033–
48; and Pablo Zapatero, “Legal Imagination in Vitoria: Th e Power of Ideas,” 11 JHIL
221– 71 (2009).
For a thorough study of Juan de Solórzano Pereira, see James Muldoon, Th e Ameri-
cas in the Spanish World Order: Th e Justifi cation for Conquest in the Seventeenth Cen-
tury (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994). On José de Acosta, see Claudio M.
Burgaleta, José de Acosta (1540– 1600): His Life and Th ought (Loyola University Press,
1999). On las Casas, the leading biography is Lawrence A. Clayton, Bartolomé de las
Casas (Cambridge University Press, 2012), especially 347– 76 on the debate against
Sepúlveda. See also Parry, Spanish Th eory, 45– 56; and Hanke, All Mankind, 73– 112.
On Sepúlveda, see Parry, Spanish Th eory, 31– 43. On Vázquez, see Camilo Barcia
Trelles, “Fernando Vázquez de Menchaca (1512– 1569): L’école espagnole du droit in-
ternational du XVIe siècle,” 67 RdC 429– 534 (1939), with attention to the issue of
freedom of the seas at 494– 518; and Kurt Seelmann, Die Lehre des Fernando Vázquez
de Menchaca vom Dominium (Heymanns, 1979). On John Selden, see G. J. Toomer,
John Selden: A Life in Scholarship (2 vols; Oxford University Press, 2009), especially
vol. 1, 388– 437, concerning his stance on law of the sea; and Eric G. M. Fletcher, “John
Selden (Author of Mare Clausum) and His Contribution to International Law,” 19
Grotius Soc. Trans. 1– 12 (1933).
On En glish colonization practice, a leading work is Ken MacMillan, Sovereignty
and Possession in the En glish New World: Th e Legal Foundations of Empire, 1576– 1640
(Cambridge University Press, 2006). For a shorter and particularly insightful discus-
sion, see Anthony Pagden, “Law, Colonization, Legitimation, and the Eu ro pe an Back-
ground,” in Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins (eds.), Th e Cambridge His-
tory of Law in America: Early America (1580– 1815), vol. 1, 1– 31 (Cambridge University