574 Bibliographic Essaywide variety of standpoints, see Heinz Duchhardt and Eva Ortlieb (eds.), Der West-
fälische Friede: Diplomatie, politische Zäsur, kulturelles Umfeld, Rezeptionsgeschichte
(R. Oldenbourg, 1998). See also Derek Croxton, “Th e Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the
Origins of Sovereignty,” 21 Int’l Hist. Rev. 569– 91 (1999). For the traditional view of the
Peace of Westphalia as marking the beginning of the modern state system, see Adam
Wat son, Th e Evolution of International Society (Routledge, 1992), 182– 97. For more skep-
tical views on this point, see Stéphane Beaulac, “Th e Westphalian Legal Orthodoxy—
Myth or Reality?” 2 JHIL 148– 77 (2000); and Andreas Osiander, “Sovereignty, Interna-
tional Relations, and the Westphalian Myth,” 55 International Or ga ni za tion 251– 87
(2001).
On international politics in the period, see Olaf Asbach and Peter Schröder (eds.),
War, the State and International Law in Seventeenth- Century Eu rope (Ashgate, 2010).
On the signifi cance of Machiavelli in the history of international law, see Martin
Wight, Four Seminal Th inkers in International Th eory: Machiavelli, Grotius, Kant, and
Mazzini (Oxford University Press, 2004), 3– 28; David Boucher, Po liti cal Th eories of
International Relations: From Th ucydides to the Present (Ox ford Universit y Press,
1998), 90– 113; J. R. Hale, “Machiavelli and the Self- Suffi cient State,” in David Th omson
(ed .), Po liti cal Ideas, 22– 33 (Penguin, 1966); Frank M. Russell, Th eories of International
Relations (D. Appleton- Century, 1936), 119– 24; and Charles Benoist, “L’infl uence des
idées de Machiavel,” 9 RdC 127– 306 (1925). On Bodin, see Torbjørn L. Knutsen, A His-
tory of International Relations Th eory (2nd ed.; Manchester University Press, 1997),
58– 64; Julian H. Franklin, Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth- Century Revolution in the
Methodology of Law and History (Columbia University Press, 1963); Helmut Quar-
itsch, “Bodins Souveränitet und das Völkerrecht,” 17 AdR 257– 73 (1978); F. H. Hinsley,
Sovereignty (2nd ed; Cambridge University Press, 1986), 179– 86; André Gardot, “Jean
Bodin: Sa place parmi les fondateurs du droit international,” 50 RdC 545– 747 (1934);
and J. W. Allen, A History of Po liti cal Th ought in the Sixteenth Century (Methuen,
1928), 394– 446.
Figures more specifi cally active in international law have also received some atten-
tion, though sometimes less than they merit. On Pierino Belli, see Angelo Piero
Sereni, Th e Italian Conception of International Law (Columbia University Press,
1943), 93– 99. On Balthasar Ayala, see W. S. M. Knight, “Balthazar Ayala and His
Work,” 3 (3rd ser.) J. Comp. Leg. and Int’l L. 220– 27 (1921). Gentili has received rather
more attention. See Gesina van der Molen, Alberico Gentili and the Development of
International Law (S. W. Sijthoff , 1968); Benedict Kingsbury and Benjamin Strau-
mann (eds.), Th e Roman Foundations of the Law of Nations: Alberico Gentili and the
Justice of Empire (Oxford University Press, 2010); Sereni, Italian Conception, 64– 65,
102– 17; and David Kennedy, “Primitive Legal Scholarship,” 27 Harvard Int’l L. J. 1– 98
(1986), 57– 76. On Vitoria’s views on customary law and the ius gentium, see Brian
Tierney, “Vitoria and Suárez on Ius Gentium, Natural Law, and Custom,” in Amanda
Perreau- Saussine and James Bernard Murphy (eds.), Th e Nature of Customary Law: