594 Bibliographic EssayMaclure, “Soviet International Legal Th eory,” 49– 54; and Lapenna, Conceptions sovié-
tiques, 69– 73. On Pashukanis, see Kelsen, Communist Th eory, 152– 56; Lapenna, Con-
ceptions soviétiques, 74– 78, 94– 103; and William E. Butler, “Soviet International Legal
Education: Th e Pashukanis Syllabus,” 2 Review of Socialist Law 79– 102 (1976), 79– 85.
On Nazism and international law, see Peter K Steck, Zwischen Volk und Staat: Das
Völkerrechtssubjekt in der deutschen Völkerrechtslehre (1933– 1941) (Nomos 2003);
Michael Stolleis, “International Law under German National Socialism: Some Contri-
butions to the History of Jurisprudence 1933– 1945,” in Michael Stolleis and Masaharu
Ya n a g i h a r a (e d s .), East Asian and Eu ro pe an Perspectives on International Law, 203– 13
(Nomos, 2004); Detlev F Vagts, “International Law in the Th ird Reich,” 84 AJIL 661–
704 (1990); Dan Diner, Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the
Holocaust (University of California Press, 2000), 49– 77; Peter M. R. Stirk, “John H.
Herz and the International Law of the Th ird Reich,” 22 Int’l Rel. 427– 40 (2008);
Jacques Fournier, La conception nationale- socialiste du droit des gens (A. Pedone,
1939); John H Herz, “Th e National Socialist Doctrine of International Law and the
Problems of International Or ga ni za tion,” 54 Pol. Sci. Q. 536– 54 (1939); Virginia L.
Gott, “Th e National Socialist Th eory of International Law,” 32 AJIL 704– 18 (1938);
and Lawrence Preuss, “National Socialist Conceptions of International Law,” 29 Am.
Pol. Sci. Rev. 594– 609 (1935). On fascist ideas, both in Italy and Germany, about enti-
tlement to territorial expansion, see Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist Ideology: Territory and
Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922– 1945 (Routledge, 2000).
On Helmut Nicolai, see Martyn Housden, Helmut Nicolai and Nazi Ideology (Mac-
millan, 1992). On Walz, see Christoph Schmelz, Der Völkerrechtler Gustav Adolf
Walz: Eine Wissenschaft skarriere im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Logos, 2011). Th e Nazi legal theo-
rist who has been accorded by far most attention from later scholars is Carl Schmitt.
See, for example, Gopal Balakrishnan, Th e Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait of Carl
Schmitt (Verso, 2000), especially 226– 45, where Schmitt’s positions on international
issues are discussed. See also Joseph W. Bendersky, Carl Schmitt: Th eorist for the Reich
(Prince ton University Press, 1983), which covers Schmitt’s life and career up to 1947.
On the persecution of international lawyers in Germany by the Nazi government, see
James Wilford Garner, “Th e Nazi Proscription of German Professors of International
Law,” 33 AJIL 112– 19 (1939).
Italian fascism produced much less in the way of international law thinking than
did Nazi Germany, so that secondary source material is correspondingly thin. On
Ugo Spirito, however, see A. James Gregor, Mussolini’s Intellectuals: Fascist Social and
Po liti cal Th ought (Prince ton University Press, 2005), 90– 98.
On international legal aspects of the Spanish Civil War, see Norman Padelford, In-
ternational Law and Diplomacy in the Spanish Civil Strife (Macmillan, 1939); and
William E. Watters, An International Aff air: Non- Intervention in the Spanish Civil
War, 1936– 1939 (Exposition Press, 1970).
On surveys of realist thinking in international relations, see James E. Dougherty
and Robert L. Pfaltzgraff Jr., Contending Th eories of International Relations: A