618 Index
Natura list school, 170, 173– 178, 180, 181,
182, 183, 184, 310
Natural law, 7– 8, 10, 219, 248, 292, 305,
309, 310; in ancient Greece, 42– 44;
organicist approach to, 43, 45, 60, 61– 62,
64, 265, 267, 375, 379– 380; in ancient
Rome, 45, 46– 49; in medieval Eu rope,
51– 53, 56, 59– 63, 72, 73– 74, 80, 82, 83,
89, 91, 245– 246; rationalist approach
to, 60, 61– 63, 66, 154, 160, 174, 189,
192– 193, 201, 205, 209, 213, 257, 262,
264, 268, 322, 379, 465; and just- war
doctrine, 67, 69; criticism of, 79, 209;
in the context of the New World, 93,
116, 117– 118, 123, 124, 126; absence in
Islamic world, 94; position of pagans in,
101– 102, 106– 107; and freedom of the
seas, 133– 135; in early modern period,
14 0 – 141, 14 4, 14 6 – 147, 149, 151– 166, 179,
180, 181, 182– 189, 192– 193, 196– 197, 199,
200, 203– 204, 227, 245, 256– 257, 273;
Hobbes’s challenge to, 167– 168, 169– 170,
246; as a critical philosophy, 189– 190,
195– 196, 205– 206, 208– 209, 213, 218,
256– 257, 258, 322; in the nineteenth
century, 218, 228, 235, 260– 269, 339;
rejection of by historical school, 237;
liberalism and, 269, 270, 271; solidarism
and, 290, 293, 294, 297, 375; and
relations with savage states, 318; and
Vienna School, 367, 368, 369; in
interwar period, 378– 382; rejection of
by socialists, 384; post–World War II,
451, 465– 466. See also Common
juridical conscience; Dilatatio theory;
Grotian school; Historical school:
hostility to natural law; International
minimum standard; Ius commune; Ius
gentium: relation to natural law;
Naturalist school; Natural sociability,
principle of; Necessary law of nations;
Necessity; Positivism (general): rejection
of natural law by
Natural- slavery theory, 35, 117– 119, 121,
122
Natural sociability, principle of, 26, 62,
156, 174, 181– 182, 182– 183, 250, 269,
285, 465; opposition to, 167, 175, 188;
applied to states, 186, 196, 292. See also
Solidarism
Nazis: view of international law, 387– 389;
persecution of international lawyers,
389– 390
Necessary law of nations, 184– 185, 186,
18 7, 19 7, 2 6 6. See also Natural law
Necessity, 28– 29, 168, 197– 198, 246– 247;
and natural law, 28, 64, 184– 185, 186,
187, 197, 264, 266, 292; military, 70– 71,
320; and humanitarian intervention, 297
Neo- Hegelianism, 237– 239, 356, 380, 386.
See also Voluntarist variant of
positivism
Neo- Kantianism, 241– 243, 250, 256,
261– 261, 453; liberalism and, 276.
See also Kant, Immanuel
Netherlands, 126, 148, 202, 278, 350;
Southern, 207
Neutrality, 81, 191– 192, 207, 263, 264,
288, 313, 314, 327, 328, 329, 350, 390; in
ancient China, 21; in ancient Greece,
28; in medieval just- war doctrine, 71;
in Islamic law, 96; Vattel on, 197– 198;
in treaties of amity and commerce,
202– 203; Scott on, 212– 213; Geneva
arbitration (1872), 298– 299, 329, 350; in
Declaration of Paris, 319– 320; Hague
Conventions on, 327; Declaration of
London, 328; Harvard Research project
on, 363– 364; and collective security,
372, 374, 391, 392; and “non-
belligerency,” 393– 394. See also
Blockade; Contraband of war
Neutralization of waterways, 288. See also
Neutrality
New Deal, American, 377, 427, 428
New Haven School, 428– 431, 452, 453, 458,
459, 461; criticism of, 431, 461; and
constitutionalism, 454, 457– 458; and
global administrative law, 458. See also
Lasswell, Harold
New international economic order, 434
New Laws (of 1542), 119
“New stream” thought. See Critical legal
studies