a proper discussion of the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre and Gandhi’s role in
the enquiry.) Basudev Chatterji, Trade, Tariffs and Empire: Lancashire and
British Politics in India 1919–1939(Oxford University Press, 1992), deals with
the political economy of the period between the two world wars, and Dietmar
Rothermund, India in the Great Depression 1929–1939(Manohar, 1992), is on
the political economy and social history of that period.
A good history of the internal workings of the left, to my mind, remains
to be written. Some of this can be followed in the political journals and
pamphlets of the time. For the period from the formation of the Congress
Socialist Party to 1939 (when the journal collapsed due to financial
difficulties) see The Congress Socialist. A line closer to Nehru was followed by
the National Heraldfrom 1938 – he was involved in its founding, and wrote
regularly for it himself. Reba Som, Differences within Consensus: The Left and
Right in the Congress, 1929–1939(Sangam, 1995), addresses the question of
how the Congress left and right wings co-existed, to my mind not altogether
satisfactorily. Leonard Gordon, Brothers against the Raj(Columbia University
Press, 1990) provides a sympathetic perspective on the Bose brothers,
Subhas and Sarat. There are now many documents in the public domain on
the early history of the communist movement in India. M.N. Roy’s works
have appeared in print, and documentary histories of the Communist Party
of India have been published by the original CPI and the breakaway (and now
more successful) Communist Party of India (Marxist).
There is a huge literature on communalism, partition and independence:
see Asim Roy, ‘The High Politics of India’s Partition: the Revisionist
Perspective’, Modern Asian Studies24(2), 1990; Ayesha Jalal, ‘Secularists,
Subalterns and the Stigma of “Communalism”: Partition Historiography
Revisited’, Modern Asian Studies30(3), 1996; and David Gilmartin, ‘Partition,
Pakistan, and South Asian History: in Search of a Narrative’, Journal of Asian
Studies57(4), 1998, for a helpful route through some of it. Alan Campbell-
Johnson, Mission with Mountbatten(Hale, 1951); Penderel Moon, Divide and
Quit(Chatto and Windus, 1961); and H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide: Britain,
India, Pakistan(Hutchinson, 1969), are accounts by contemporaries; as
is Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom(Orient Longman, 1988,
first published with omissions, 1959). Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman:
Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Cambridge
University Press, 1985) is a crucial work. Among the regional studies are
David Gilmartin, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan
(University of California Press, 1988); Ian Talbot, Provincial Politics and the
Pakistan Movement: The Growth of the Muslim League in the North West
and North East India 1937–1947(Oxford University Press, 1989); Ian Talbot,
Freedom’s Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition282 FURTHER READING