“Proclamation of the Provisional Government of Free India,” ibid., pp. 117–
“The Roads to Delhi Are Many” and “India Shall Be Free,” ibid., pp. 407–
Jawaharlal Nehru, “Foreword,” in Moti Ram, Two Historic Trials in Red Fort
(New Delhi: Roxy Printing Press, 1946), p. iii.
W. McK Wright, New Delhi, to Major Courtenay Young, Intelligence Divi-
sion, C.I.C.B., H.Q. SACSEA, Singapore, February 19, 1946, no. C- 5, Intelligence
Bureau, Home Department, New Delhi, File 273, INA (NAI).
Sri Aurobindo, The Doctrine of Passive Resistance (Calcutta: Arya Publishing
House, 1948; composed in 1907), pp. 87–88.
Bhulabhai Desai, “Address of Counsel for Defense, Red Fort Trial, 1 Decem-
ber 1945,” The Oracle, 15, no. 4 (October 1993), 31–55.
Moti Ram, Two Historic Trials in Red Fort, pp. 109–110.
Tendulkar, Mahatma, vol. 7, pp. 77–78.
K. K. Ghosh, The Indian National Army: Second Front of the Indian Inde pen-
dence Movement (Meerut: Meenakshi Prakashan, 1969), pp. 215–216.
Ibid., pp. 229, 232. Sisir K. Bose, Bosubari (Calcutta: Ananda, 1985), pp. 200–
Tendulkar, Mahatma, vol. 7, pp. 107–108.
Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 29.
The leaders of the secular Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, such as
Amanullah Khan and Yasin Malik, have often spoken of their admiration for Bose,
as have Naga leaders like Phizo and Muivah, along with some of the Tamil rebels
in Sri Lanka.
Audio recording of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, January, 1972 (NRB).
Audio and video recording of Nelson Mandela’s speech at the Eden Gardens
cricket stadium, Calcutta, 1990 (NRB).
Presidential address by Padmaja Naidu, Governor of West Bengal, at the
sword ceremony on March 19, 1967, Bulletin of the Netaji Research Bureau, 9–10
(1968–1969), 6.
Address by Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, at the Red Fort, Delhi,
December 17, 1967, ibid., p. 18.
Subhas Chandra Bose, An Indian Pilgrim: Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Col-
lected Works, vol. 1, ed. Sisir K. Bose and Sugata Bose (Calcutta: Netaji Research
Bureau; and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 122.
Audio and video recording of interview with Mehboob Ahmed, May 1991
(NRB).
Carl Sandburg, “Lincoln Day Address to a Joint Session of Congress,” Febru-
ary 12, 1959 (Abraham Lincoln’s 150th birthday), in Robert C. Torricelli and An-
