Convention between France and Great Britain relative to the NetherlandsMeasures to be adopted in case of Refusal of Ottoman
Porte.
§ III. Finally, if, contrary to all expectation, these measures do
not prove sufficient to procure the adoption of the propositions
of the High Contracting Parties by the Ottoman Porte ; or if, on
the other hand, the Greeks decline the conditions stipulated in
their favour, by the Treaty of this date, the High Contracting
Powers will, nevertheless, continue to pursue the work of pacifi-
cation, on the bases upon which they have agreed ; and, in con-
sequence, they authorise, from the present moment, their Rep-
resentatives at London, to discuss and determine the future
measures which it may become necessary to employ.
The present Additional Article shall have the same force and
validity as if it were inserted, word for word, in the Treaty of this
day. It shall be ratified, and the Ratifications shall be exchanged
at the same time is those of the said Treaty.
In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have
signed the same, and have affixed thereto the Seals of their
Arms.
Done at London, the 6th day of July, in the year of Our Lord,
1827.
(L.S.) DUDLEY.
(L.S.) LE PRINCE DE POLIGNAC.
(L.S.) LIEVEN.
3.1140 Secret Protocol between Austria and
Sardinia against France
Alliance Members:Austria-Hungary and Sardinia (Italy)
Signed On:July 23, 1831, in the city of Vienna. In force until March
24, 1848, when the allies fought each other.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Nada (ed.),vol.1, p. 312.
SUMMARY
The months immediately prior to the signing of this alliance were
especially tumultuous. France had intervened to put down revolts in
the Papal States. Similar revolts were taking place in Modena and
Parma, and a new monarch, Charles Albert, had assumed the throne
of Sardinia. France’s willingness to intervene in Italian lands as well as
Sardinia’s proximity to France made this secret alliance an important
first step to securing the new monarch’s holdings on the peninsula.
Never tested, the allied relationship disappeared when Charles Albert
declared war on Austria at the start of the War of Italian Unification.
Description of Terms
The two powers agree to put together an army to defend them-
selves against France. Although formed for two different coun-
tries, this will be an army of one. Austria will provide 50,000
men and will add 15,000 men when the war will be sure. Sar-
dinia will provide 37,000 men and forty-five large-caliber can-
nons. These numbers are the minimum that the allies can pro-
vide and therefore cannot diminish it. This army will be led by
one general, and the plan will be established by the two coun-
tries prior to the war. None of the allies can make peace without
the other. The king of Sardinia will command the army, but dis-
cipline and other matters for the Austrian troops will still be up
to the chief of the Austrian army. If for some reason the king of
Sardinia cannot not command the army for some time, an Aus-
trian general will replace him. The Austrian troops will still be
under the Austrian charge when in the territory of Sardinia. The
spoils of war will belong to the power that captures them unless
mixed troops capture the spoils; in this case the spoils will be
separated equally. The prisoners will belong to the allied army.
Because the allied fleet is inferior to the French navy, it will be
used defend the coast of the two countries. The fortifications on
the side of France require particular attention.3.1141 Convention between France and Great
Britain relative to the Netherlands
Alliance Members:France and Great Britain
Signed On:October 22, 1832, in the city of London. In force until
May 21, 1833, when Belgium and the Netherlands signed an armistice.
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:British Foreign and State Papers,vol. 19, p. 258.
Additional Citations:Key Treaties for the Great Powers, 1814–1914,
vol. 1, p. 221.SUMMARY
Revolutionary fervor spread from the July revolt in France to the
Opera House revolt in Belgium during August of 1830. Fueled by
unrest among lower-class Catholics in the Dutch-dominated United
Provinces, a revolt in Belgium against Dutch rule sought establish-
ment of an independent Belgium. France immediately backed the
independent state, but most other powers preferred an end to hostili-
ties and backed the Dutch, although none of the powers would com-
mit troops to the occasion.
After several rounds of negotiations in London, in August of 1831, the
Dutch king, William I, broke off the armistice and marched into Bel-
gian territory to put down the unrest. Meeting little resistance from
the Belgian irregulars, it took French entry into the conflict to force
the Dutch army out of Belgian territory. A new treaty was forged in
London that was more favorable to the Dutch, but again, William
refused to negotiate. It took the combined French-English force
devised in this alliance to finally compel the Dutch to accept an
armistice (in 1833). The Dutch finally recognized Belgian indepen-
dence with the Treaty of London in 1839.Alliance Text
Reference to Treaty of 15th November, 1831.
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, and His Majesty the King of the French, having
been called upon by His Majesty the King of the Belgians to
carry into execution the stipulations of the Treaty relative to the
Netherlands, concluded at London, on the 15th of November,
1831, the execution whereof, by the terms of Article XXV of the