Introduction: Research and Methodology
renewed every ten or twenty years after the date of signature,
provided both states agree. Although original alliances are often
registered with international bodies (at least since the League of
Nations), renewals are not often registered, and terminations
rarely are. Given the complexity of determining when an
alliance relationship ends, a clear set of procedures was devel-
oped that provides for greater consistency of application.
First, the coding of the termination dates begins with the text
of the treaty and its stated end date. Second, primary and sec-
ondary sources were consulted to determine whether a renewal
took place. Third, primary and secondary sources were exam-
ined to determine whether abrogation occurred prior to the
expected end of the alliance. Typical events causing abrogation
include elevated levels of conflict like intense crises or wars or
regime changes such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union
and its satellite states. Given these rules, the termination date
for a formal alliance is the stated end date if no renewal or abro-
gation took place. Otherwise, the end date of the alliance corre-
sponds with the end date of the final renewal or the date of
abrogation of the alliance.
Termination dates are very difficult to determine for most
of the alliances between 1648 and 1815. Formal abrogation
seldom occurred, and alliance ties often shifted quickly
between and even during conflicts. Therefore, the alliances
included in these volumes from 1648 to 1815 are listed with-
out termination dates. If an event occurred that clearly
demonstrated the end of the alliance—most often a conflict
between the allies—this is noted in the summary preceding
the text of the treaty.
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