Treaty of Defensive Alliance between England and SwedenDescription of Terms
The two kings pledged strong friendship, peace, and alliance.
Both kings pledged to advise and consult when dangers arose.
The two kings also pledged not to sign alliances targeting the
other alliance member and, further, to alert the other alliance
member of such alliance proposals. Both kings pledged not to
serve the rebels or the criminals of the other country. Both
kings promised not to help the enemy of the other through
commerce.
Because the security of Denmark largely depended on the
Peace of Germany, three months after the ratifications of the
treaty, Denmark had to invite the Duke of Holstein to join the
alliance. Denmark pledged to fight anyone that contravened the
details of the Treaty of Westphalia. If an aggressor contravened
the Treaty of Westphalia, but without the use of force, the
aggressor would only be warned. But if the aggressor did not
yield, then violence would follow the first warning. England, the
Netherlands, Saxony, Brandenburg, and the Palatinate were all
welcome to join the alliance with common acceptance of the
conditions of the treaty. Both kings promised not to engage in
another treaty that would nullify this one and that the alliance
would last ten years.
1.1010 Treaty between France and Saxony
Alliance Members:France and Saxony
Signed On:April 16, 1664, in the city of Ratisbon (Germany)
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Dumont,vol. 4 (part 3), p. 7.
Additional Citations:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 8, p. 111.
SUMMARY
The Holy Roman Emperor in Austria had been kept busy with actions
against the Turks in the Balkans. When hostilities first broke out for
the emperor, Louis XIV pledged 60,000 troops: 30,000 French and
30,000 from German princes loyal to France. The emperor was
appalled at the offer, because it would have given France free rein
within the empire’s territory, and instead asked for monetary support,
which Louis refused. The emperor turned instead to the German Diet
and was granted aid, but the force was slow to form, slow to arm, and
slow to provide support to the emperor.
Louis XIV of France used this situation to strengthen his control over
the German princes, and with this alliance Saxony came firmly into
the French camp. In fact, Saxony even secretly pledged, in another
agreement, to vote as Louis XIV wished in the Electoral College and
the German Diet.
Description of Terms
This treaty serves primarily as a reinforcement of the Treaty of
Münster. Both states pledged strong friendship and committed
to defend the other. Saxony promised to aid the interests of
France in the German territories. France was allowed to recruit
in Germany and to buy provisions at regular price for those
troops. If Saxony had disputes with other territories within the
Holy Roman Empire, France was committed to do everything
within its power to resolve the issue. Saxony further promised
that all its future treaties would not conflict with this one. The
terms of the treaty were set to expire after four years.1.1011 Treaty between Spain and the Nether-
lands
Alliance Members:Spain and the Netherlands
Signed On:September 20, 1664, in the city of Brussels
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:Aitzema,vol. 5, p. 307.
Additional Citations:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 8, p. 187;
Dumont,vol. 4 (part 3), p. 25.SUMMARY
The Treaty of Münster, signed after eighty years of warfare, recognized
the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. The treaty also
transferred several prosperous colonies to the newly independent
state. This alliance goes even further in the acquiescence to Dutch
power.
The original Treaty of Münster closed the Scheldt River to Belgian ves-
sels while allowing the Dutch free navigation. This alliance, cemented
with a pledge of common defense, gave the Dutch control over both
banks of the Scheldt and the fortifications needed to defend the river.
The Dutch then set up levying stations for trade with Belgian vessels
that passed through their territories.Description of Terms
This alliance treaty relates to the regulation of boundaries in
Flanders in execution of the Treaty of Münster. In addition to
pledging a common defense to settle the borders of the Nether-
lands, the treaty carried specific border definitions.
According to the treaty, everything west and south of the
town of Lapschuer belonged to Spain, and everything on the
other side belonged to the States-General of Netherlands. South
and east of the Zedelgem belonged to Spain, while north of that
line was the territory of the Netherlands. South of Soetelaers
(south of the Western Scheldt River) was Spanish territory;
territory north of that line belonged to the Netherlands. Every
lord who changed master (ruling country) was to have the same
rights, privileges, and property under the new country.1.1012 Treaty of Defensive Alliance between
England and Sweden
Alliance Members:England and Sweden
Signed On:March 1, 1665, in the city of Stockholm
Alliance Type:Defense Pact (Type I)
Source:European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States,
vol. 2, p. 88.
Additional Citations:Consolidated Treaty Series,vol. 8, p. 263.