Europe 249
Anticipating a German response, the Swiss fully mobilized their border guards, but
the Germans crossed via Napoleonic roads through the passes.
Coding changes: Start Date changed from September 13, 1943. End Date changed
from September 18, 1943.
225 Switzerland/345 Yugoslavia
MID#4186
Started in February 2000. See the narrative in the 2 United States of America/345
Yugoslavia dyad dispute list.
MID#4343
Started in November 2000. See the narrative in the 2 United States of America/345
Yugoslavia dyad dispute list.
225 Switzerland/365 Russia
MID#26
Started in March 1948. See the narrative in the 2 United States of America/365 Russia
dyad dispute list.
230 Spain/235 Portugal
MID#1540
Dispute Number: 1540
Date(s): December 5, 1840
Participants: 230 Spain/235 Portugal
Outcome (and Settlement): Yield by side B (Negotiated)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: Navigation on the Douro River was an important issue for Portugal and
Spain. The river presented trade and navigation opportunities for Spain into the Atlan-
tic. An 1835 convention between the two was signed, but popular opinion in Portugal
was adamant about denying their more powerful neighbor access to the Douro. As a
result, Portugal spent the better part of the five years after the convention delaying
actual execution of the terms of the agreement. Spain was mired in the First Carlist
War with divided party politics in the Cortes and could not force Portugal to adhere
to the agreement. An opportunity came when, after the First Carlist War, Baldomero
Espartero assumed regency in Spain after Maria Christina was forced into exile.
Espartero and his progressive ministers were determined to press the issue and fol-
lowed with a letter published in the Spanish newspaper Gaceta de Madrid. The letter