Europe 293
historic Lithuanian capital, and reopening relations would be seen as de facto accep-
tance of Polish control. Lithuania accepted the ultimatum.
Coding changes: Settlement changed from None.
300 Austria-Hungary/325 Italy
MID#167
Dispute Number: 167
Date(s): March 9, 1821 to April 8, 1821
Participants: 300 Austria-Hungary/325 Italy
Outcome (and Settlement): Victory for side A (Imposed)
Fatalities: Missing
Narrative: A popular revolt occurred in Piedmont against King Victor Emmanuel of
Sardinia, forcing his eventual abdication of the throne on March 13, 1821. Austria-
Hungary intervened to suppress the constitutional efforts of the revolutionaries. They
were successful; the constitutional effort was aborted and absolute monarchy returned
to Piedmont on April 8 after Austrian victory at Novara.
Coding changes: Start Date changed from March 10, 1821.
MID#19
Dispute Number: 1 9
Date(s): January 15, 1848 to August 9, 1849
Participants: 300 Austria-Hungary/325 Italy, 332 Modena, 337 Tuscany
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (Negotiated)
Fatalities: >999 deaths
Narrative: This is the Austro-Piedmontese War, also called the First Italian War of
Independence. Italy was, by this time, a collection of various kingdoms and duchies,
many of which were satellite states of Austria (Lombardy-Venetia, Tuscany, Modena,
Parma). The Kingdom of Sardinia, or Piedmont, was at the vanguard of Italian unifi-
cation attempts and wished to eliminate Austrian influence in the peninsula. The year
1848 was a time of revolution across Europe and in Italy specifically. Amidst the
backdrop of uprisings in Milan (Five Days of Milan in March) and Vienna (which
led to the fall of Metternich on March 13), the Piedmontese king, Charles Albert,
vied to capitalize on Austria’s momentary weakness by declaring war against Austria.
However, the Piedmontese king was unable to expel the Austrians on his own. After
initial victories, Charles Albert was eventually turned back by the Austrians under the
command of Josef Radetzky. Charles Albert would later abdicate the throne after the
Battle of Novara when conflict was renewed in March 1849. However, the Austrians
were also now distracted by a revolution in Hungary and were willing to negotiate an
end to the conflict.
The Treaty of Milan was signed on August 8, 1849.
Coding changes: End Date changed from March 23, 1849.