Europe 295
signed on November 10. This war had the effect of creating the preliminary Italian
state. Piedmont ceded Nice and Savoy to France, per the terms of the Treaty of Turin.
However, Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew their royal houses and formed a
union with Sardinia. After a quick revolution, Naples was quickly incorporated. Pied-
mont soon occupied some papal states as well.
Outside of Rome, which was defended by France, the Kingdom of Italy was com-
plete by 1861 and was proclaimed as such on March 17, 1861.
Coding changes: End Date changed from July 12, 1859.
300 Austria-Hungary/327 Papal States
MID#78
Dispute Number: 7 8
Date(s): July 17, 1847 to December 1847
Participants: 300 Austria-Hungary/327 Papal States
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (None)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: An insurrection in the city of Ferrara in 1831 was put down when Pope
Gregory XVI asked for Austrian troops to occupy the city. Order was restored and
reforms were promised. Sixteen years later the Austrians used those promises and the
renewed lawlessness in the city as an excuse to occupy the city once again. Moving
into the city in July 1847, the Austrians stayed until mounting international pressure
forced them to evacuate in December.
Coding changes: End Date changed from January 17, 1848.
MID#374
Dispute Number: 374
Date(s): March 23, 1848 to August 9, 1848
Participants: 220 France, 327 Papal States, 329 Two Sicilies/300 Austria-Hungary
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (Negotiated)
Fatalities: 101–250 deaths
Narrative: The French revolution in February 1848 threw the rest of Europe into a
tailspin. The success of the French insurrectionists fomented rebellion against the rule
of absolutism. On March 22, Milan was freed from Austrian rule by a popular upris-
ing, and the Piedmontese came to assist in the rebellion only to be grossly defeated
by the Austrian forces. Piedmontese officers continued to assist in the effort for inde-
pendence by commanding several Papal State army divisions, but King Ferdinand of
Naples, despite promises, never joined in the fighting and instead only participated in
a show of force with his army in Lombardy. The French, also supporters of Italian
independence through shows of force, did not participate in the fighting either. On
August 9, an armistice was reached that caused the Papal States to cease fighting and
the Austrian troops to return to occupy Milan.