Europe 369
Narrative: This dispute describes a series of Turkish actions protesting European
Union (EU) moves to consider Cyprus’s accession to the EU. Turkish aircraft violated
Nicosian airspace in October 1994 and then threatened to annex the Turkish enclave
on Cyprus in March 1995. Airspace violations continued in August, October, and
November, as Turkish fighters crossed into Cypriot airspace several different times.
Coding changes: Outcome changed from Unclear.
MID#4095
Dispute Number: 4095
Date(s): June 3, 1996 to July 20, 2001
Participants: 640 Turkey/352 Cyprus
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (None)
Fatalities: 1–25 deaths
Narrative: On June 3, 1996, Turkish troops in the buffer zone on Cyprus shot dead a
Greek Cypriot soldier. Relations became increasingly strained following this incident.
On June 19, Turkish planes violated the Greek Cypriot airspace in “training exercises,”
and this continued until June 21. Indeed, posturing in the form of various threats,
shows of force, and border violations continued for five years until July 2001, when
tensions finally cooled.
MID#4410
Dispute Number: 4410
Date(s): April 2, 2002 to April 3, 2002
Participants: 516 Burundi/517 Rwanda, 490 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Outcome (and Settlement): Unclear (None)
Fatalities: None
Narrative: Turkish jets violated Cypriot airspace on April 2, 2002. Turkish jets then
harassed Greek jets the following day after joint military exercises with Cypriot forces.
355 Bulgaria/360 Romania
MID#1251
Started in April 1913. See the narrative in the 345 Yugoslavia/355 Bulgaria dyad
dispute list.
MID#257
Started in July 1914. See the narrative in the 300 Austria-Hungary/345 Yugoslavia
dyad dispute list.
MID#3184
Dispute Number: 3184
Date(s): July 10, 1926 to August 4, 1926