244 Baker
was specifically brought to the eastern Greek mainland, French gros tournois
and south Italian pierreali and gigliati and related issues of Provence. From
the 1310s to the 1330s, perhaps later, these issues formed an integral part of the
monetary system in the Catalan Duchy of Athens, beside deniers tournois.
Even the earlier trachea of Manfred, which bore a physical resemblance to
these coins, were still being hoarded. We must assume that smaller Catalan
and Sicilian denominations also came to Greece in this period, although there
is currently only one penny of Barcelona to vouch for this. Especially gigliati
would also have arrived in the Peloponnese where, however, they have failed
to leave a substantial record since the bullion would have been largely re-
minted at Glarenza. The continued counterfeitings of tetartera (see above)
and of deniers tournois within the duchy are further testimonies to the lax-
ness of some of the monetary policies of the new administration. The eastern
mainland, not least because of its geographical position, was also receptive
to other coinages in these years. Fine silver issues from Chios in the name of
the Zaccaria brothers have been documented in Athens. Serbian grossi found
their way to southern Greece approximately at the time of the Catalan con-
quests, although these two events were probably unrelated and the circulation
of these issues was determined by their high quality and the general availabil-
ity of the related Venetian grossi. Overall, the quantities in which the latter
reached Greece diminished in the first decades of the 14th century, and the
coinage came to a definitive end in the 1340s. In the north-eastern part of our
analysed area Venetian grossi retained their relative importance for longest,
and it was there that in the 1330s and 1340s a more recent generation of Serbian
grossi came to be used, and formed a short lived account system of its own,
the hyperpyron de cruce. Given the extensive occupation of most of Epirus
and Thessaly by the Serbian empire from the 1340s, the relative lack of Serbian
coins from these areas is worthy of note.
In the meantime, the Greek tournois coinage was evolving. After the
battle of Halmyros in 1311, especially during the rival princeships of Louis
of Burgundy (1313–16) and Ferrando of Majorca (1314–16), the output of
the mint of Glarenza was low and sporadic. In contrast, under Princess
Mahaut of Hainaut (1316–21) and Prince John of Gravina (1321–32), despite
of what one might have expected from these politically and strategically dif-
ficult times, minting there was uninterrupted, high, and of consistent qual-
ity. The success of the tournois coinage in Greece and beyond induced also
the mint of Chios under Martino Zaccaria to emit this denomination, very
probably after 1320 or 1322, followed by a small issue of the same at Damala
in the Peloponnese. During the same decade a noteworthy and highly