advance of Frederick’s subordinate, Duke Rainald of Spoleto, who had
opened the war proper by invading the Papal State. Although John and
Colonna notched up a series of creditable successes against him, it seems
that it was the victory of another papal host, elsewhere, that prompted
Figure 2.2 The seal of Count Walter IV, decorated with the cross and
crosslets of the kingdom of Jerusalem. Taken from Roserot,Dictionnaire
historique de la Champagne méridionale, i, 245.The Lure of Constantinople 69