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It takes two to three
hours for Kevin Villalta to
filter and distill a gallon of
tap water, and he says the
process is as expensive as it
is time-consuming.
But it’s worth it, said
the Lansing environmental
engineer, who works
for the Department of
Environment, Great Lakes
and Energy.
A couple of months
ago, Villalta moved from
Texas to the very state that
launched the nationwide
practice he refuses to
participate in: water
fluoridation. “Sometimes
you can’t avoid it — for
example, restaurants and
soft drinks, etc.,” Villalta
said. “But I try to.” Villalta
doesn’t work in water
fluoridation and said his
personal views don’t reflect
the department’s views.
In 1945, Grand Rapids
became the first city in
the world to add fluoride
- a form of the naturally-
occurring element, fluorine - to its water supply. The
city immediately began
seeing improvements in
residents’ dental health.
Since then, more and more
communities across the
world have added fluoride
to their water supply.
As of 2020, 89.3%
of Michigan’s population
was served by community
water systems that
have fluoridated water,
according to the United
Health Foundation. Among
those that don’t fluoridate
are Cadillac, Gladwin,
Oxford, Three Rivers, Iron
Mountain and Saugatuck,
according to the Centers
for Disease Control and
Prevention, or CDC.
While public health
officials have long-boasted
of fluoride’s benefits
— downtown Grand
Rapids has a statue and
plaque commemorating
the achievement — the
chemical has been the
source of debate for
decades.
Proponents say
medical evidence shows
that fluoridation is the best
measure a community can
take to prevent tooth decay
and improve oral health.
But a lawsuit in federal
court in California has
reinvigorated concerns over
fluoride’s effects. Villata
said, “I began to read
about the history, the pros
and cons of fluoridation.
I became aware of the
lawsuit and decided to start
following it.”
The Fluoride Action
Network, or FAN, first
sued the Environmental
Protection Agency in 2017,
seeking to end fluoridation
altogether. The second and
final phase of the nonjury
trial started Jan. 31, and
anti-fluoride activists
expect a final ruling soon.
“This reinvigoration,
continuation of the lawsuit
has definitely attracted a lot
of attention,” said Stuart
Cooper, the Executive
Director of the fluoride
opposition group. “We’ve
been having over 40,
views on our website daily
now, over the past week.”
The California trial
focuses on a 2022 National
Toxicology Program report
that provides an overview
of fluoride’s neurotoxicity,
based on multiple studies.
It found, at a “moderate
confidence” level, that
drinking water containing
high levels of fluoride is
“consistently associated
with lower IQ in children.”
The program is run by the
U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services.
FAN argues the finding
is the reason to get rid of
fluoride altogether. Some
Michigan residents agree.
Valerie Olson, the
owner of the Wellness
Center of Marquette,
says she’s been telling
city commissioners about
fluoride’s harmful effects
for years. She says that a
ruling against fluoride will
help spur action.
So far, commissioners
haven’t been receptive
to her pleas, she said.
“See, everybody’s a
follower,” Olsen said. “The
commissioners don’t want
to make waves. They don’t
want to ruffle the feathers
of the dentists.”
Olson and Cooper
express no doubts that the
judge will rule in FAN’s
favor. “We’re all feeling
very confident,” Cooper
said. “The science is on our
side.”
But Margherita
Fontana, the Director of the
Global Initiatives Program
in Oral and Craniofacial
Health at the University
of Michigan School of
Dentistry, disagrees.
She says findings from
the National Toxicology
Program report show
the effects of fluoride at
levels double that used
in community water
fluoridation in the United
States.
The levels currently
allowed have “always
been shown to be safe,”
she said. “Existing data
on communities that
have stopped fluoridation
show an increased caries
prevalence,” Fontana said,
referring to an increase
in dental decay. “When
weighing benefits and risks,
every health organization
clearly supports this
important public health
method.”
Villalta says that isn’t
Fluoridating drinking water began in
Michigan. Some residents want an end.
enough. “Whenever there’s
a risk, there must be a
choice,” he said.
Fluoride levels vary
across Michigan, with
some surpassing the levels
the report says has negative
This statue commemorates the status of Grand
Rapids as the first city to fluoridate its drinking water.
(Courtesy of Grand Rapids Historical Commission)
side effects, according to
CDC data. Among them
are Petoskey, Akron in
Tuscola County and Brown
City in Lapeer and Sanilac
counties, the CDC data
shows.