(Diversorum patrum sen-tentiae) or Ivo of Chartres’s Panormia and other legal works,
the new breed of legal collections that it seems Lanfranc preferred to ignore.
As archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc replaced many Saxon bishops with Normans,
to the displeasure of some in the English church, but in doing so he increased ties with
the Continent and with Gregory VII’s reforms, with which, at least in the area of the
moral reform of the church, he was largely in sympathy. Lanfranc rebuilt the church at
Canterbury and established its library. He reestablished many of the old monastic
privileges and lands.
Lesley J.Smith
[See also: ANSELM OF BEC; BERENGAR OF TOURS; BIBLE, CHRISTIAN
INTERPRETATION OF; CAEN; CANON LAW; IVO OF CHARTRES; THEOLOGY]
Lanfranc of Bec. Opera. PL 150. 1–782.
——. The Letters of Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ed. Helen Clover and Margaret
T.Gibson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979.
Gibson, Margaret T. Lanfranc of Bec. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.
Huygens, R.B.C. “Bérenger de Tours, Lanfranc et Bernold de Constance.” Sacris Euridiri 16
(1965):355–403.
Southern, Richard W., ed. Essays in Medieval History. London: Macmillan, 1948.
LANGRES
. Located fifty miles northeast of Dijon in northern Burgundy, Langres (Haute-Marne) is
a fortified town on a spur of land dominating the surrounding plain. In the Middle Ages,
Langres served as an advanced, northern fortress for Burgundy. The cathedral of Saint-
Mammès is late Burgundian Romanesque in the process of becoming Gothic.
Saint-Mammès was begun after the Early Gothic choir of Saint-Denis (1140–44) and
after the start of Sens, the first Early Gothic cathedral. Indeed, parts of Sens are
Romanesque, with its ambulatory of groin vaults, which were changed to Gothic ribbed
vaults in the late 1140s. Langres is different; it has a Burgundian Romanesque elevation
of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory derived from that of Cluny III, Paray-le-Monial,
and Autun. Instead of the vaults being pointed barrels and springing from above the
clerestory windows, as at Cluny III and other Burgundian churches, the vaults of Langres
are four-part Gothic ribbed vaults that spring from a much lower point in the elevation,
from just above the bottom of the clerestory windows. Thus, the greater verticality of the
Cluniac churches gives way to a less soaring interior at Langres.
The plan of Langres seems to have been derived from that of Paray-le-Monial, the
early 12th-century Cluniac priory. Originally, the nine-bay ambulatory probably had
three apsidioles like Paray-le-Monial. These were destroyed in the 14th century when
five Rayonnant chapels were added. Short, aisleless transepts are also reminiscent of
Paray-le-Monial. However, the six-bay nave and flanking aisles, all vaulted with four-
part ribbed vaults, contain the relatively wide interior spaces. The elevation is straight
Burgundian Romanesque, with fluted pilasters serving as responds. The Roman-type
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