Known as the Pseudo-Turpin, because it was falsely attributed to Archbishop Turpin of
Reims (753–800), this component has a separate manuscript tradition, with well over 200
copies extant. Book 5, referred to as the Pilgrim’s Guide, provides information for
pilgrims traveling from France to Santiago de Compostela to visit the shrine of James.
Book 5 ends with a colophon that states that the manuscript “was written in many places,
namely in Rome, in the region of Jerusalem, in France, in Italy, in Germany, and in
Frisia, and chiefly at Cluny”; it is, however, unclear whether the colophon refers to Book
5, the entire compilation, or some other part of the compilation. The addenda following
Book 5 include polyphonic songs with musical notation, an Alleluia and fragments of a
Mass, a false papal bull attributed to Pope Innocent II (r. 1130–43), and seven additional
miracles, two of them dated 1139 and 1164.
Paula L.Gerson
[See also: CHARLEMAGNE; PILGRIMAGE; PSEUDO-TURPIN]
Whitehill, Walter Muir, ed. Liber sancti Jacobi, Codex Calixtinus. 3 vols. Santiago de Compostela:
N.p., 1944.
Moralejo, Laso A., C.Torres, and J.Feo, trans. Liber sancti Jacobi, Codex Calixtinus. Santiago de
Compostela: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Instituto Padre Sarmiento de
Estudios Gallegos, 1951.
David, Pierre. “Études sur le livre de St-Jacques attribué au pape Calixte II.” Bulletin des études
portugaises et de l’Institut Français au Portugal 10 (1946):1–41; 11 (1947):113–85; 12
(1948):70–233; 13 (1949):52–104.
Díaz y Díaz, Manuel C. El Códice Calixtino de la catedral de Santiago: estudio codicológico y de
contenido. Santiago de Compostela: Centro de Estudios Jacobeos, 1988.
Williams, John, and Alison Stones, eds. The Codex Calixtinus and the Shrine of St. James.
Tübingen: Narr, 1992.
LIBERAL ARTS
. The Seven Liberal Arts were the corner-stones of a classical education in the Middle
Ages. The basic three, known as the Trivium, were grammar, rhetoric, and logic or
dialectic. After mastering these, a student was ready to proceed to the Quadrivium, which
comprised arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The grouping was established as
the core of Christian education in the Institutions of Cassiodorus and the writings of
Boethius. Their Latin names were all grammatically feminine (Grammatica, Rhetorica,
etc.), so when they came to be personified in literature and art they were naturally
represented as women.
Between 410 and 439, the North African Martianus Capella wrote De nuptiis
Philologiae et Mercurii, in which Philology, accompanied by her handmaidens the Seven
Liberal Arts, marries Mercury, the god of eloquence. This mixed verse-prose text, in
which the Liberal Arts are first presented as female personifications, was enormously
popular in the schools for the next millennium. Grammar is a Roman physician,
succoring the young; Dialectic has a serpent concealed in her sleeve, as a clever counsel
must conceal a crucial point; Rhetoric is armored with her decorative skills; Geometry is
a traveler, measuring roads and distances; Astronomy is winged and carries an inlaid
The Encyclopedia 1029