sur le corps de la personne. Along with these should be mentioned Jean Sauvage’s
Trésor des povrez or Réceptaire de Jean Sauvage, a 14th-century verse and prose
translation of Pierre d’Espagne’s Thesaurus pauperum. It is a compilation of remedies of
all sorts and provenances.
Claude J.Fouillade/William W.Kibler
[See also: HEALTH CARE; HOSPITALS; MEDICAL PRACTICE AND
PRACTITIONERS]
Hieatt, Constance B., and Robin F.Jones, eds. La novele chirurgerie. London: Anglo-Norman Text
Society, 1990.
Mondeville, Henri de. La chirurgie de maître Henri de Mondeville, ed. Alphonse Bos. 2 vols. Paris:
Didot, 1897–98.
Jacquart, Danielle. Le milieu médical en France du XIIe au XVe siècle. Geneva: Droz, 1989.
MEDITERRANEAN TRADE
. The Romans bequeathed a Mediterranean trade network to medieval southern France.
Salvian, Caesarius of Arles, and Gregory of Tours mentioned Syrian, Jewish, and Greek
merchants in Mediterranean French towns in the 5th and 6th centuries, indicating a
persistence of international trade, though of what volume and importance is not known.
In addition, ships with Mediterranean goods—oils, wines, pottery—made their way to
Brittany and Britain. Coins minted in Provence have been found as far afield as Sutton
Hoo. The succeeding centuries witnessed a decline in French Mediterranean trade, but
some international exchange may have continued under Charlemagne, who recognized
Viking ships, initially mistaken for Jewish, African, or British merchant vessels, off the
Mediterranean coast of France. Diplomatic exchanges, if not actual trade, existed
between Charlemagne and the Abbasid caliph Harun-al-Rashid.
Little evidence survives for 10th- and early 11th-century French Mediterranean trade.
With the 11th century, however, coastal shipping can be documented, and by the end of
the century, merchants of such towns as Montpellier were recorded in the Levant.
Mediterranean trade overall revived substantially in the 11th century under the leadership
of the Italo-Byzantine towns of Italy. The Genoese and the Pisans established commercial
hegemony over the Mediterranean coast of France during the mid-12th cen tury. The
Rhône town of Saint-Gilles was the center of Italian trading efforts in southern France. In
exchange for products of the East, Europeans could offer expensive spices and fabrics,
raw materials, wool cloths, iron for military purposes, wood, and slaves.
During the Third Crusade, Conrad de Montferrat granted tax exemption and free
circulation to bourgeois of Saint-Gilles, Montpellier, Marseille, and Barcelona in return
for aid against Saladin. Gui de Lusignan accorded similar privileges at Saint-Jean-d’Acre
and elsewhere within the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. However theoretical these
concessions, given the recent loss of territory, they represent the beginning of commercial
emancipation from Italian domination. The 1220s witnessed a series of treaties of
nonaggression and commerce among towns of Languedoc and Provence. The great
natural port of Marseille became a hub of wide-ranging trade among southern France, the
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