aevi. Anonymous 4 is the sole source for almost all our knowledge of historical
individuals of the Notre-Dame School because he gives an apparently chronological
listing of significant individuals working in Paris from the late 12th to the late 13th
century, up to and including Franco of Cologne. He knew Léonin by reputation and could
describe in detail musical works of Pérotin. His knowledge of other Parisian magistri
leaves little room to doubt his presence in Paris sometime in the mid- to late 13th century,
possibly as a student at the university. A secondary source for Garlandian modal theory,
the treatise further appears to be either an adaptation to insular practices or a substantially
original extension of Garlandian modal theory independent from developments in Paris.
Sandra Pinegar
[See also: FRANCO OF COLOGNE; LÉONIN; NOTRE-DAME SCHOOL;
ORGANUM; PÉROTIN]
Coussemaker, Charles Édmond Henri de, ed. Scriptorum de musica medii aevi nova series a
Gerbertina altera. Paris: Durand, 1864–76, Vol. 1, pp. 327–65.
Reckow, Fritz. Der Musiktraktat des Anonymus 4. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1967.
Yudkin, Jeremy, trans. The Music Treatise of Anonymous IV: A New Translation. Neuhausen-
Stuttgart: American Institute of Musicology, 1985.
ANONYMOUS OF BÉTHUNE
. A native of Artois in the service of Robert VII of Béthune, this author composed two
prose histories, the Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d’Angleterre (ca. 1220)
and the Chronique française des rois de France (ca. 1223). The Histoire takes a
Plantagenêt slant; the Chronique reflects a French viewpoint and is notable for its
inclusion of a version of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle. These works belong to the rising
genre of vernacular prose histories composed for the French and English elite. There is
no complete edition of the Chronique.
Leah Shopkow
Anonymous of Béthune. Chronique française des rois de France, ed. Léopold Delisle. Extracts in
Recueil des historiens de Gaulle et de la France 24, pt. 2(1904):750–75, 929–40.
——. Histoire des ducs de Normandie et des rois d’Angleterre, ed. Francisque Michel. Paris:
Société de l’Histoire de France, 1840.
ANSELM OF BEC
(or Canterbury, or Aosta; 1033–1109). Anselm of Bec was born in Aosta, Italy. After the
death of his mother, he left for Burgundy and France, where he was attracted to the
monastic life and entered the remote monastery of Bec in Normandy in 1059. His
countryman Lanfranc of Pavia (d. 1089) was prior at Bec and taught grammar and logic.
Anselm became Lanfranc’s student, then his assistant, and finally a fellow teacher. When
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