its way into the writings of nominalist and realist theologians alike. He was more or less
rehabilitated by Pierre d’Ailly (1350–1420), who had studied at Paris and himself
debated vehemently against causal connections with regard to future contingent truths.
Arjo Vanderjagt
[See also: ABÉLARD, PETER; ALCUIN; ANSELM OF BEC; AQUINAS,
THOMAS; ARABIC PHILOSOPHY, INFLUENCE OF; ARISTOTLE, INFLUENCE
OF; BENEDICT, RULE OF ST.; BERENGAR OF TOURS; BOETHIUS, INFLUENCE
OF; BONAVENTURE; CHARLES II THE BALD; CLAREMBALD OF ARRAS;
D’AILLY, PIERRE; ERIUGENA, JOHANNES SCOTTUS; FAUSTUS OF RIEZ;
GERBERT OF AURILLAC; GILBERT OF POITIERS; GREGORY OF TOURS;
HEIRIC OF AUXERRE; HENRY OF GHENT; HUGH OF SAINT-VICTOR; LATIN
POETRY, MEROVINGIAN; PETER LOMBARD; PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS THE
AREOPAGITE; RADEGUND; REMIGIUS OF AUXERRE; SCHOLASTICISM;
THEOLOGY; UNIVERSITIES; WILLIAM OF CHAMPEAUX]
Armstrong, A.H., ed. The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Kretzmann, Norman, Anthony Kenny, and Jan Pinborg, eds. The Cambridge History of Later
Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Schmitt, Charles B., Quentin Skinner, and Eckhard Kessler, eds. The Cambridge History of
Renaissance Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Dronke, Peter, ed. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1988.
Katz, Joseph, and Rudolph H.Weingartner. Philosophy in the West: Readings in Ancient and
Medieval, with new translations by John Wellmuth and John Wilkinson. New York: Harcourt,
Brace and World, 1965.
McKeon, Richard, ed. and trans. Selections from Medieval Philosophers. New York: Scribner’s,
1929–30.
Shapiro, Herman, Medieval Philosophy: Selected Readings from Augustine to Buridan. New York:
Modern Library, 1964.
PIERRE DE BEAUVAIS
(fl. early 13th c.). Little is known of Pierre de Beauvais other than what can be surmised
from his writings. In the early part of the 13th century, he lived at the abbey of Saint-
Denis outside Paris and in the city of Beauvais. There, he found protectors in the Dreux
family, with Philippe, bishop of Beauvais, and his brother, Count Robert. In the episcopal
palace, Pierre de Beauvais was able to devote himself to writing, composing saints’ lives
and other works of theological or moral inspiration. He is best known for his prose
Bestiaire divin, dedicated to Philippe de Dreux, which is a close translation of the Latin
Physiologus. Two versions of the Bestiaire divin are known. The shorter and earlier
version (before 1206) comprises thirtyeight chapters in which the nature and attributes of
beasts and birds, not all of them real, are used to teach lessons in Christian morality. This
didactic approach is also used in the seventy-one chapters of the longer version, whose
The Encyclopedia 1389