Collection, Metropolitan Museum of
Art, New York.
[See also: MANUSCRIPTS, PRODUCTION AND ILLUMINATION]
The Hours of Jeanne d’Évreux Queen of France, intro. James J. Rorimer. 2nd ed. New York:
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1965.
Blum, Rudolf. “Jean Pucelle et la miniature Parisienne du XIVe siècle.” Scriptorium 3 (1949):211–
17.
Deuchler, Florens. “Jean Pucelle—Facts and Fictions.” Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 29
(1971):253–56.
Morand, Kathleen. Jean Pucelle. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. [With bibliography.]
PULLOYS, JOHANNES
(ca. 1420–1478). Composer, master of the boys at Antwerp cathedral (1444–47), singer
in the papal chapel (1447–68/69), thereafter apparently in Antwerp. Pulloys’s motet Flos
de spina reappears in manuscripts to the end of the century. The one Mass cycle ascribed
to him so closely reflects the English style of the time that some question its authorship.
Of his ten songs, which appear in several mid-century sources, S’ung bien peu
d’esperance seems to have had the greatest impact.
David Fallows
Gülke, Peter, ed. Johannes Pulloys: opera omnia. N.p.: American Institute of Musicology, 1967.
PURGATORY
. Over the course of late antiquity and the Middle Ages, Christians developed an
understanding of life after death that included the idea of a purification (purgation,
purgatorial fires) of the soul for sins committed, with the gradual definition of a place,
Purgatory, where this takes place. From earliest times, Christians spoke of a Last
Judgment when Christ would return to judge the living and the dead, with evil persons
condemned to Hell and the good established in Heaven. Concern for the fate of the soul
immediately after death led to varied ideas, but Augustine’s position became generally
accepted: the truly good, martyrs especially, went directly to Heaven at death; the truly
evil went directly to Hell; all other souls, the great majority, remained, until the Last
Judgment, in places vaguely described but divided into two categories: places of
punishment with fire for the “not completely evil” and places of rest for the “not
completely good.” These two groups can be helped by the living, who may offer
“suffrages” on their behalf: prayers, alms, and the sacrifice of the eucharist. Such
suffrages can mitigate punishment, but not ultimate condemnation, or diminish the time
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