Sadie, Stanley, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols. London:
Macmillan, 1980, Vol. 19, pp. 189–208.
Spanke, Hans. G. Raynauds Bibliographie des altfranzösischen Liedes. Leiden: Brill, 1955.
Zumthor, Paul. Essai de poétique médiévale. Paris: Seuil, 1972.
TROYES
. One of the major commercial cities of Capetian France, Troyes (Aube) developed from
the Roman castrum of Augustobona. Sited on a loop of the Seine in northeastern France,
it was located near the intersection of major roads that linked it with Flanders to the
north, Lyon and Italy to the south. Evangelized during the 3rd century, the city was saved
from devastation by the Huns in the 5th century by the heroism of its bishop, St. Loup.
Despite the rebuilding of the city’s walls, Troyes and its cathedral were ruined during the
period of Viking raids in the later 9th century. The city was long ruled by its bishops and
as
Troyes (Aube), Saint-Urbain.
Photograph courtesy of Whitney
S.Stoddard.
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