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ARTILLERY
. Playing a major role in medieval warfare, artillery evolved parallel to the art of
fortification. Although Roger Bacon introduced gunpowder to the West ca. 1260 and the
English used cannon at Crécy in 1346, it took a further century of experimentation before
cannon supplanted trébuchet (i.e., tension) artillery. Improvement of explo-sives,
projectiles, and guns was impeded by the difficulties in obtaining adequate amounts of
matériel and equipment. But by 1400 cannon had come into regular use, and the final
campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War made their superiority unmistakable. Either
protecting sappers or breaching walls themselves, they became an indispensable tool in
sieges. In response, defense tactics and military architecture changed rapidly after 1450.
Governments were compelled to modernize fortifications, and every town was driven to
acquire artillery for its own defense.
Following French use of artillery at Formigny (1450) and Castillon (1453), where
cannon were shown to be useful on the field as well as in siege warfare, the Valois
monarchy led the way in the perfection of technology, in the development of an
institutional infrastructure, and in the exploitation of the full potential of the new arms.
Gaspard Bureau, maître de l’artillerie for Charles VII, formed a permanent force of
cannoniers that grew steadily thereafter. Limited range, inadequate rates of fire, and
immobility limited reliance on artillery for the remainder of the 15th century, and cannon
remained auxiliary to cavalry and infantry in the army of Louis XI. Only the triumphs of
Charles VIII, who made dramatic use of artillery in Brittany and in the Italian campaign
of 1494, removed all doubt that only armies with adequate artillery could hope to prevail
in modern warfare.
Paul D.Solon
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 142