but the kingdom of lower Burgundy was never again an independent entity.
In the meantime, upper or trans-Saône Burgundy had also become an independent
kingdom in 888, under Rudolph I, of the Welf family. The Rudolphian kings took over
lower Burgundy as well after the death of Louis l’Aveugle in 928. Their kingdom
continued to be indepen dent until 1032, when Rudolph III died without sons, and the
whole region, from his capital at Besançon to Lyon and to Arles, was reabsorbed into the
empire.
The French duchy of Burgundy was ruled, after the death of Richard le Justicier, by
his son Hugues le Noir and nephew Giselbert. Hugues le Grand, father of Hugh Capet,
also exercised authority in Burgundy. After Giselbert’s death
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