——. Les chansons courtoises de Chrétien de Troyes, ed. Marie-Claire Zai. Bern: Lang & Lang,
1974.
——. Arthurian Romances, trans. D.D.R.Owen. London: Dent, 1987.
——. The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes, trans. David Staines. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1990.
——. Arthurian Romances, trans. William W.Kibler. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991.
Busby, Keith, Terry Nixon, Alison Stones, Lori Walters, eds. Les manuscrits de Chrétien de
Troyes/The Manuscripts of Chrétien de Troyes. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993.
Kelly, F.Douglas. Chrétien de Troyes:An Analytic Bibliography. London: Grant and Cutler, 1976.
Reiss, Edmund, Louise Horner Reiss, and Beverly Taylor. Arthurian Legend and Literature: An
Annotated Bibliography. Vol. 1: The Middle Ages, New York, London: Garland, 1984.
Frappier, Jean, Chrétien de Troyes: l’homme et l’œuvre. Paris: Hatier, 1968 (English trans. by
Raymond J.Cormier, Athens: University of Ohio Press, 1982).
Lacy, Norris J. The Craft of Chrétien de Troyes: An Essay on Narrative Art. Leiden: Brill, 1980.
Topsfield, Leslie T. Chrétien de Troyes: A Study of the Arthurian Romances. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Kelly, Douglas, ed. The Romances of Chrétien de Troyes: A Symposium. Lexington: French Forum,
1985.
Lacy, Norris J., Douglas Kelly, and Keith Busby, eds. The Legacy of Chrétien de Troyes. 2 vols.
Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1987–88.
CHRISTINA MIRABILIS
(1150–1224). Blessed Christina was born in the town of Saint-Trond. After the death of
her parents, she took to tending sheep and eventually lived as a laywoman at the
monastery of Sainte-Catherine. Christina’s life is described in a vita composed by
Thomas de Cantimpré. Unlike other women mystics of her era, Christina focused
exclusively on extreme physical phenomena to express her spirituality. Her extraordinary
charismatic gifts—salamandrism, clairvoyance, bodily elongation, levitation, agility—
served the community as a reminder of Purgatory and an exhortation to live a life free of
sin while still in this world. Her vita constitutes a transitional type of saint’s biography, in
that it mixes an earlier focus on revelations about Purgatory with a 13th-century concern
with biographical information and mystical phenomena.
Ulrike Wiethaus
[See also: HAGIOGRAPHY; MYSTICISM; SAINTS’ LIVES; WOMEN,
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE OF]
Pinius, J., ed. Vita Christinae Mirabilis. Acta sanctorum (July 24) 5 Iulius (1868):637–60.
Thomas de Cantimpré. The Life of Christina of Saint Trond by Thomas de Cantimpré, trans. Margot
H.King. Saskatoon: Peregrina, 1986.
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to
Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Deschamps, J. “Een Middelnederlandse Prozavertaling van de ‘Vita Sanctae Christinae Mirabilis’
van Thomas van Cantimpre.” Jaarboek van de Federatio der Geschieden Oudheidkundige
Kringen in Limburg 30(1975):69–103.
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