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COURTLY LOVE
. The expression “courtly love” does not date to the Middle Ages. It was in all likelihood
first used by the eminent 19th-century French medievalist Gaston Paris in the context of a
two-part article devoted to romances of the Round Table that appeared in 1881 and 1883.
Paris’s discussion of love focused upon Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot, the first extant
medieval work telling of the adulterous relationship between Arthur’s queen, Guenevere,
and Lancelot, premier knight of the court. For Paris, the importance of Chrétien’s account
was in the delineation of a particular type of love relationship that can be explained
neither by its putative Celtic sources nor by any historically sanctioned theological or
social attitude toward love and marriage. He sharply distinguishes it, most notably, from
the brutal spontaneity of the most famous medieval story of adulterous passion, that of
Tristan and Iseut, as well as from Chrétien’s other romances, such as Erec et Enide and
Yvain, which propose an ideal of wedded love. Specific to the Lancelot-Guenevere affair
is its very artificiality, a sense of refinement that Paris qualifies as “excessive and
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