began to replace the gage contract after ecclesiastical condemnation; in the Midi, the use
of the mort-gage continued, although disguised as a vif-gage in which the fruits of the
land were given as a “gift,” rather than as interest, to the lender.
Constance H.Berman
Berman, Constance H. “Land Acquisition and the Use of the Mortgage Contract by the Cistercians
of Berdoues.” Speculum 57(1982):250–66.
Castaing-Sicard, Mireille. Les contrats dans le très ancien droit toulousain (X-XIIIe siècle).
Toulouse: Espic, 1957.
Généstal, Robert. Le role des monastères comme établissements de crédit: étudié en Normandie du
XIe a la fin du XIIIe siècle. Paris: Rousseau, 1901.
GAGUIN, ROBERT
(1433–1501). As the son of a poor family, Gaguin’s early education was provided by
Trinitarian brothers devoted to educating poor children. Subsequent studies in Paris were
paid for by Isabel of Portugal, duchess of Burgundy. As leader of the Trinitarians and
dean of the University of Paris law school (1483–1500), Gaguin went on diplomatic
missions for Louis XI and Charles VIII and assisted in recovering captives from infidel
hands for the Trinitarians. He also devoted himself to study and writing and was
associated with Guillaume Fichet’s early printing ventures. He was the author of De arte
metrificandi (1473), the humanistic Compendium de Francorum origine et gestis (1495),
a translation of Caesar’s De bello gallico dedicated to Charles VIII (1485), and an
important volume of correspondence with leading humanists published in 1498. His
major work, the Compendium de Francorum origine et gestis (1495) is a national history
of France in ten books, from Pharamond to Charles VIII’s Italian expedition. This
immensely successful work went through nineteen editions before 1586.
Charity Cannon Willard
[See also: CHARLES VIII]
Gaguin, Robert. Roberti Gaguini epistoli et orationes, ed. Louis Thuasne. 2 vols. Paris: Bouillon,
1903–04.
Bossuat, Robert. “Traductions françaises des ‘Commentaires’ de César a la fin du XVe siècle.”
Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance 4(1944):373–411.
Simone, Franco. “Robert Gaguin e il suc cenacolo umanistico.” Aevum 13(1939):410–76.
GALBERT DE BRUGES
(ca. 1075–ca. 1128). A Flemish chronicler who wrote a gripping eyewitness account of
the murder of Charles the Good, count of Flanders, in 1127 and the power struggle
involving the Flemish nobility and townsmen that led to the establishment of Thierry
d’Alsace as count in 1128. Galbert tells us only that he was a notary in the service of the
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