anticipating the complete romanization of the liturgy that would be in effect by the 9th
century. Only one source describes in detail the invariable portions, or Ordinary, of the
Gallican Mass—the anonymous Expositio antiquae liturgiae Gallicanae attributed to
Germanus of Paris but actually dependent on a work of Isidore of Seville. Much less
direct evidence survives regarding the chants of the Mass or any part of the Divine
Office, though many responsorial refrains are marked in a 6th-century psalter.
As liturgical materials were brought north from Rome to replace the Gallican rite, they
were frequently revised and supplemented by Gallican texts and ceremonies. This
happened, for instance, in the “8th-century Gelasian” sacramentaries, adaptations of a
Roman book that survive only in one manuscript copied in Chelles near Paris. By the 9th
century, these sacramentaries were losing ground to the so-called “Gregorian”
sacramentaries descended from the archetype known as the “Hadrianum,” a manuscript
sent to Charlemagne by Pope Hadrian (r. 772–95) but now lost. Some copies include a
supplement of non-Roman material (i.e., of Gallican and Mozarabic or Spanish origin),
now attributed to the monastic reformer St. Benedict of Aniane (d. 821). By this route,
many Gallican texts and practices survived in the medieval liturgy, which as a result was
a hybrid of Gallican and Roman traditions. Among the most distinctive Gallican survivals
were the episcopal blessings that took place before communion when the Mass was
celebrated by a bishop. Many benedictionals—collections of texts for these blessings—
still survive (see Moeller). Though absent from the Missale Romanum issued after the
Council of Trent (1570), some of them were reintroduced in the reformed Missal issued
by Pope Paul VI (1970).
Peter Jeffery
[See also: CAESARIUS OF ARLES; DIVINE OFFICE; EXPOSITIO MISSAE;
LITURGICAL BOOKS]
Clercq, C.de, ed. Concilia Galliae a. 511–695. Turnhout: Brepols, 1963.
Gamber, Klaus, ed. Codices liturgici Latini antiquiores. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Freiburg:
Universitätsverlag, 1968, pp. 57–66, 152–93, 230–38.
——. Ordo antiquus gallicanus: Der gallikanische Messritus des 6.Jh. Regensburg, 1965.
Moeller, Edmond Eugène, ed. Corpus Benedictionum Pontificalium. 4 vols. Turnhout: Brepols,
1971–79.
Munier, C., ed. Concilia Galliae a. 314–506. Turnhout: Brepols, 1963.
Bullough, D.A., and Alice L.H.Corrêa. “Texts, Chant, and the Chapel of Louis the Pious.” In
Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814–840), ed. Peter
Godman and Roger Collins. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990, pp. 489–508.
Gaudemet, Jean. Conciles gaulois du IVe siècle. Paris: Cerf, 1977.
GALLICANISM
. Doctrine espousing the autonomy of the French church. French defiance of papal
authority dates from Carolingian times, but it was during the confrontation (1296–1305)
between Philip IV and Boniface VIII that a means of resisting the ultramontane
pretentions of the late-medieval papacy was formalized and implemented as doctrine. In
such texts as the Songe du vergier, royal legists argued that the kings of France drew their
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