fifth and a species of fourth. In the case of the authentic scales, both were found above
the final; the plagal scales had a fourth below and fifth above the final.
Though recourse to the manuscripts is essential for historical chant studies, the modern
editions published by the monks of Solesmes provide a good introduction to the
repertoire. The Liber usualis is a diverse collection of chants required for the Mass and
for parts of the Office. It includes the complete Office of Matins for certain days as well
as other miscellaneous items. The Graduale Romanum offers Mass chants for all days of
the liturgical year including the weekdays of Lent, which are not included in the Liber
usualis. Particularly useful for study are the Graduale Triplex and the Offertoriale
Triplex, which contain the chants not only in square notation but also the adiastematic
neumes of the manuscripts Laon, Bibl. mun. 239 (10th c.) and Einsiedln, Stiftsbibliothek
121 (11th c.) or Saint-Gall, Stiftsbibliothek 358 (9th c.), written above and below the
staff, respectively.
Joseph H.Dyer
[See also: GALLICAN RITE; HYMNS; LITURGICAL BOOKS; MASS, CHANTS
AND TEXTS; MUSICAL NOTATION (NEUMATIC); O ANTIPHONS; PROSULA;
RHYMED OFFICE; SEQUENCE (EARLY); SEQUENCE (LATE); TROPES,
ORDINARY; TROPES, PROPER]
Graduale Triplex. Solesmes: Abbaye Sainte-Pierre, 1979.
Hesbert, René-Jean, ed. Antiphonale Missarum Sextuplex. Brussels: Vromant, 1935.
Offertoriale Triplex cum versiculis. Solesmes: Abbaye Saint-Pierre, 1985.
Apel, Willi. Gregorian Chant. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1958.
Bryden, John R., and David G.Hughes. An Index of Gregorian Chant. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1969.
Crocker, Richard, and David Hiley, eds. The New Oxford History of Music. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1990, Vol. 2: The Early Middle Ages to 1300.
Hiley, David. Western Plainchant: A Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: Norton, 1978.
Pothier, Joseph. Les mélodies grégoriennes d’après la tradition. Tournai: Desclée, 1880.
GREGORIAN REFORM
. The reform of the Catholic church named after Pope Gregory VII, one of its most ardent
promoters, is customarily defined in terms of the legal and administrative developments
that accompanied the rise of the papacy between the papal election decree of 1059 and
the First Lateran Council in 1123: the decree proclaimed that the pope was to be elected
by the cardinal bishops without lay interference, and the council confirmed the
compromise over the lay investiture of bishops hammered out the year before at the Diet
of Worms.
Although the most accessible data of the reform comprise a myriad of canonical
collections, papal correspondence, polemical tracts, and conciliar documents, it would be
a distortion to conclude that the development of the papal monarchy was an end in itself,
rather than a response to the spiritual ferment throughout European society that
encouraged and even demanded a church that promoted the spirituality described in the
Medieval france: an encyclopedia 796