William A.Percy, Jr.
[See also: LATIN LYRIC POETRY]
Stehling, Thomas, trans. Medieval Latin Poems of Male Love and Friendship. New York: Garland,
1984.
Boswell, John. Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1980.
Courouve, Claude. “Sodomy Trials in France.” Gay Books Bulletin 1 (1979).
Goodich, Michael. The Unmentionable Vice. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1979.
Payer, Pierre. Sex and the Penitentials: the Development of a Sexual Code, 550–1150. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1984.
HONORÉ, MASTER
(d. ca. 1318). A Parisian illuminator active in the last quarter of the 13th century who
intro duced a new sense of three-dimensional volume to his figures. A copy of Gratian’s
Decretals (Tours, Bibl. mun. 558) contains a statement that the book was purchased from
Honoré the illuminator, and an entry in royal accounts of 1296 states that he was the
illuminator for the king and suggests that he illuminated the Breviaire de Philippe le Bel
(B.N. lat 1023). Records indicate that he was dead by 1318. On the basis of stylistic
affinities with these manuscripts, the miniatures of a copy of the Somme le roi (B.L. Add.
54180) have also been attributed to him.
Robert G.Calkins
Millar, Eric C. An Illuminated Manuscript of La somme le roy: Attributed to the Parisian
Miniaturist Honoré. Oxford: Roxburgh Club, 1953.
——. The Parisian Miniaturist Honoré. New York: Yoseloff, 1959.
HOSPITALS
. From their origin as guesthouses for pilgrims and almshouses for the indigent, medieval
hospitals offered custodial care rather than therapy. The sick poor received special
attention when monastic infirmaries were extended beyond the cloister in early
Benedictine communities (Fleury, Centula) and until the heyday of Cluny. French
hospitals long retained a religious character in their moral and economic dependence on
charity as well as in their staffing and administration. A gradual secularization occurred,
however, first with the building of the nonmonastic “Hôtel-Dieu,” typically near the gate
of such new towns as Troyes or Provins. The number of these foundations increased
dramatically after 1100 thanks to the inspiration of the Hospitalers of St. John,
seigneurial largesse, and bourgeois initiative. The development of universities opened the
door to professional medical assistance with visits by doctors and their students and,
apparently, the occasional performance of surgery: this was the case for the hospital of
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