JOHANNES DE GARLANDIA
(fl. ca. 1240). An influential music theorist associated with the University of Paris,
Johannes is the author of two treatises, De plana musica and De mensurabili musica, in
which he offers important discussions of the Notre-Dame polyphonic repertoire, the
systemization of musical intervals, and the codification of the rhythmic modes. His long-
enduring system of musical intervals divides consonance and dissonance into “perfect,”
“imperfect,” and “medial” categories. With respect to Notre-Dame polyphony, which he
categorized by style as organum, copula, or discant, his treatment of the six rhythmic
modes and their notation addressed one of the major innovations of this repertoire.
Steven E.Plank
[See also: MUSIC THEORY; MUSICAL NOTATION; NOTRE-DAME SCHOOL;
ORGANUM; RHYTHMIC MODE]
Johannes de Garlandia. Demensurabili musica, ed. Erich Reimer. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1972.
Apel, Willi. The Notation of Polyphonic Music, 900–1600. 4th ed. Cambridge: Mediaeval
Academy, 1953.
Rasch, Rudolf A. Iohannes de Garlandia en de ontwikkeling van de voor Franconische notatie.
Brooklyn: Institute of Medieval Music, 1969.
JOHN, DUKE OF BERRY
(1340–1416). The son of John II the Good of France and Bonne de Luxembourg, John
was born in the castle of Vincennes on November 30, 1340. His father named him count
of Poitou in 1356, but when this territory was ceded to England by the treaty of 1360
John became duke of Berry and Auvergne. During the years 1360–64, he was one of the
hostages sent to England after the release of his father from captivity.
In 1369, John was charged with guarding the western frontier to keep the English
contained within Poitou, and his brother Charles V reassigned him this county as an
incentive to recover it from the English. His ineptitude at military strategy soon became
clear. In 1374, Charles V’s attitude toward John changed, perhaps because of a distaste
for his private life. In October, when arranging for the succession, Charles V ordered that
John not be one of his son’s guardians if the dauphin, the future Charles VI, should
succeed to the throne as a minor. Despite some rapprochement between the brothers in
1375 and 1376, John never regained Charles’s full confidence. With the accession of
Charles VI in 1380, however, John was officially accorded a place in the government and
began to act as mediator between his two surviving brothers, the dukes of Anjou and
Burgundy.
In November 1380, John was named royal lieutenant-general in Languedoc, where his
officers and his policies soon made him unpopular. He rarely visited the Midi personally,
and his lack of direct involvement produced near-anarchy in the province. When the king
resolved to go to the south in person in 1389, John resigned his lieuten-ancy. The details
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