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Kim Vivian
HAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN (c. 1320–1394)
Sir John Hawkwood (Sir John de Hawkwood, Giovanni
Acuto) was born in Sible Hedingham, Essex, the
second son of a landowner and tanner named Gilbert
Hawkwood, and died in Florence. John Hawkwood, a
soldier and leader of mercenary troops, started his mili-
tary career m France at the beginning of the Hundred
Years’ War and then became chief of mercenary bands
for more then thirty years in Italy, where he was known
as Giovanni Acuto.
John Hawkwood served in the army of Edward III,
in France, and is said to have fought in the famous
battles of Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), gaining a
knighthood. After the peace of Bretigny (1360), a great
number of the troops were dismissed and many soldiers
formed companies of free lances. Hawkwood became
the chief of one such band. In 1362, he crossed the Alps
and went south, into the service of the republic of Pisa,
which was then at war with Florence. In 1364, he was
elected captain general of a company of Englishmen
called the White Company because of their shining
arms and their splendid armor. With other mercenaries
at the service of Pisa, Hawkwood attacked Florence
and came near enough to the city to burn some suburbs.
But the gold of Florence produced its effect, and all the
other mercenaries, as well as a number of soldiers of
the White Company itself, deserted him. He retired to
Pisa with only 800 men.
In 1368, Hawkwood went north to Milan, where he
was hired by Barnabò Visconti to fi ght against the pope
and Florence. Hawkwood was sent again to central Italy
to support Perugia in its revolt against the pope; there, he
was surprised near Arezzo by German mercenaries who
had been hired by the pope, was defeated, and was taken
prisoner. However, he was ransomed by the Visconti, and
he enjoyed such fame and prestige that he was able, in a
short time, to put together another company, consisting
of his formerly scattered forces and hundreds of other
mercenaries willing to serve under him. His army was
so strong that it menaced the pope in Montefi ascone and
in Viterbo. Then, at Cascina, Hawkwood intercepted and
defeated a force of Florentines with more then 4,000
men. Back in northern Italy, he defeated the forces of
the marquis of Montferrat at Rubiera, in 1372, and laid
siege to Asti. But he then left the service of Barnabò
Visconti when Barnabò decided to reduce his pay.
Within a few weeks, Hawkwood entered the service
of the most determined of the current enemies of the
Visconti, Pope Gregorius XI, who also had other lead-
ers of mercenary troops at his service. One of the other
leaders, the French mercenary de Coucy, used a strategy
that was based on attacking enemies at any cost, whereas
Hawkwood thought that intimidation and threats could
be more effi cient and immensely less costly then open
attack. For this reason, Hawkwood’s contemporaries
called him cautissimus. De Coucy caused Hawkwood
to suffer an unmerited defeat at Montechiaro; but a
few days after this, Hawkwood was able to turn on the
pursuing Milanese and rout them.
In 1375, Hawkwood had to move against the free
cities of Tuscany as commander of the papal army,
which was strong enough to devastate the country but
not to conquer the city-states of the region. When theHAWKWOOD, SIR JOHN