then in his sixties, seems to have had little if any offi cial
responsibility in the papal states. He continued to reside
in Rome, where he died.
William Durandus the Elder was buried in the church
of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva. A thirty-line epitaph
praising his life and works was inscribed there in
marble, possibly at the request of his nephew William
Durandus the Younger, who succeeded him as bishop
of Mende.
There are numerous incunabula and early printed
editions of Aureum repertorium super toto corpore
iuris canonici, but as of the present writing there was
no modern edition. Speculum iudiciale survives in
more than 100 medieval manuscripts; there are numer-
ous incunabula and early printed editions but (again
as of this writing) no modern edition. A manuscript
(possibly written or corrected by Durandus himself) of
Constitutiones synodales was published in a diplomatic
edition (Berthelé and Valmary 1905). The only known
printed edition of In sacrosanctum Lugdunese concilium
commentarius is that of 1569. The Pontifi cale was pub-
lished in the magisterial edition of Andrieu (1940). The
Rationale divinorum offciorum survives in hundreds of
medieval Latin manuscripts, as well as numerous me-
dieval vernacular translations; the fi rst modern critical
edition is Davril and Thibodeau (1995, 1998). Although
a complete modern biography of Durandus has yet to
be written, the bibliography of secondary sources is
voluminous; selected references are listed below.
Further Reading
Primary Sources
Andrieu, Michel, ed. Le pontifi cal romain au Moyen-Âge, Vol. 3,
Le pontifi cal de Guillaume Durand. Studi e Testi, 88. Vatican
City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1940.
Aureum repertorium super toto corpore iuris canonici. Venice:
Paganinus de Paganinis, 1496–1497.
Berthelé, J., and M. Valmary, eds. “Les instructions et constitu-
tions de Guillaume Durand le Spéculateur,” Académie des
Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier: Mémoires de la Section
des Lettres, Series 2(3), 1905, pp. 1–148.
Davril, Anselme, and T. M. Thibodeau, eds. Guillelmi Duranti
Rationale divinorum offi ciorum I–IV, V–VI. Corpus Christia-
norum, Continuatio Medieaevalis, 140 and 140A. Turnhout:
Brepols, 1995; 1998.
In sacrosanctum Lugdunese concilium commentarius sub Gre-
gorio X Guilelmi Duranti cognomento Speculatoris commen-
tarius, ed. Simone Maiolo. Fano: Iacobus Moscardus, 1569.
Speculum iudiciale, illustratum, et repurgatum a Giovanni An-
drea et Baldo degli Ubaldi. Basel: Froben, 1574. (4 parts in 2
vols.; the best-known and most widely available text. Reprint,
Darmstadt: Aalen, 1975.)
Secondary Sources
Baimelle, Marius. Bibliographie du Gévaudan, n.s., fasc. 3.
Mende: n.p., 1966. (Pamphlet. Good though dated bibliogra-
phy for the life and works of Durandus and his nephew.)
Boyle, Leonard. “The Date of the Commentary of William Du-
ranti the Elder on the Constitutions of the Second Council
of Lyons.” Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, n.s., 4, 1974,
pp. 39–47.
Douteil, Herbert. Studien zu Durantis “Rationale divinorum of-
fi ciorum” als kirchenmusicalischer Quelle. Kölner Beiträge
zur Musikforschung, 52. Regensburg, 1969.
Dykmans, Marc. “Notes autobiographiques de Guillaume Durand
le Spéculateur.” In Ius populi Dei: Miscellanea in honorem
Raymundi Bidagor. Rome, 1972, pp. 121–142.
Faletti, Louis. “Guillaume Durand.” Dictionnaire de droit cano-
nique, 5, 1953, pp. 1014–1075.
Gy, Pierre-Marie, ed. Guillaume Durand, évêque de Mende (v.
1230–1296): Canoniste, liturgiste, et homme politique—Actes
de la Table Ronde du CNRS Mende 24–27 mai 1990. Paris:
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi que, 1992. (Collec-
tion of papers; at the time of its publication it represented the
most up-to-date research on Durandus.)
Leclerq, Victor. “Guillaume Duranti, évêque de Mende, surn-
ommé le Spéculateur.” In Histoire Littéraire de la France, Vol.- Paris: Librairies Universitaires, 1895, pp. 411–480.
Ménard, Clarence C. “William Durand’s Rationale divinorum
offi ciorum: Preliminaries to a New Critical Edition.” Disserta-
tion, Gregorian University (Rome), 1967. (Groundbreaking
work that was the basis for a recently published edition of
the Rationale.)
Thibodeau, Timothy M. “Enigmata fi gurarum: Biblical Exegesis
and Liturgical Exposition in Durand’s Rationale ”. Harvard
Theological Review, 86, 1993, pp. 65–79.
Timothy M. Thibodeau
WILLIAM I (1027/28–1087; r. 1066–87)
First Norman king of England; known as “the Con-
queror.” Born in 1027 or 1028 at Falaise in Normandy,
William was the only, but illegitimate, son of Duke Rob-
ert of Normandy. His mother, Herleva, was the daughter
of a tanner or, more probably, an undertaker of Falaise.
Subsequently Robert married her off to a minor noble
from the Seine Valley, Herluin de Conteville, by whom
she had two further sons, Odo, later bishop of Bayeux
(from 1050), and Robert, subsequently (from ca. 1060)
count of Mortain.
William became duke of Normandy at the age of
seven, when his father died in July 1035 while returning
from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. That he became duke at
all, given his age and illegitimacy, was probably due to
the lack of other candidates. Though Robert had taken
the precaution to have him formally designated duke
before departing for the Holy Land, William’s rule in
Normandy was to face serious challenges for more than
twenty years. Law and order collapsed in the duchy
during his minority, ducal power and property were
usurped by contending nobles, and several members
of his court, including some cousins, were murdered in
factional disputes. This disorder culminated in a serious
rebellion in western Normandy in 1047, led by Count
Guy of Brienne, suppressed only with the help of the
French king Henry I, who assisted William in defeating
the rebels at the Battle of Val-es-Dunes near Caen.
In the years immediately after this success the do-
mestic situation in Normandy was stable enough forWILLIAM I