Burnt by the Sun. The Koreans of the Russian Far East - Jon K. Chang

216 Notes to Pages 71–76

95. Kenez, Birth of the Propaganda State, 145.


96. Syn Khva Kim, Ocherki, 214.


97. Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 141–142.


98. Syn Hva Kim, Ocherki, 215.


99. Pak, Koreitsy v Sovetskoi, 142–143. One should question the legitimacy of a
    90  percent literacy rate for 1930, as the 1928 literacy rate was only 48  percent.


100. See Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 127, for the 45  percent literacy rate for
     Rus sians.


101. Koreans were labelled a “backward nationality” and thus eligible for Soviet
     educational stipends; see Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 167. Vladimir Arsenev, in
     his ethnographic book on the peoples of the RFE in 1928, stated in his description of
     the Chinese and Koreans: “As opposed to the Chinese, the Koreans come to our region
     with their families and devote themselves to the land. The Korean fellow is a real colonist
     [agricultural].... [The Chinese as represented by the hunghuzi Arsenev mistakenly calls
     the Boxers of the Boxer Rebellion ‘hunghuzi’] all of this testifies to their energy, liveliness
     of character, and their highly developed initiative. We can see no similarity [of these
     traits] in the Korean.” See Arsenev and Titov, Byt i kharakter narodnostei Dalnevostonogo
     kraia, 24.


102. Maria Pak Interview. This use of sand “notebooks” is the exception. In other
     cases, I was told that that, minimally, there were two books per class, but every student had
     a notebook. Note that Maria Pak was the eldest of my interviewees, born in 1913.


103. Gum Soi Kim Interview.


104. “Nuzhno zaostrit vnimane na vostochnom tsikle rabochego fakulteta,” Krasnoe
     znamia, February 14, 1923, no. 34 (752).


105. Marshall, Rus sian General Staf, 169.


106. Larisa Kim, Interview by Jon Chang, Kolkhoz Pravda, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
     June 5, 2009.


107. “Shkola i prosveshchenie: koreiskaia shkola krestianskoi molodezhi,” Krasnoe
     znamia, January 12, 1926, no. 9 (1622).


108. Rabfaks were adult education centers where workers could finish high school
     equivalency courses and take courses to prepare themselves for institute or university stud-
     ies. “Rabfak severno- vostochnikh narodnostei (pismo iz Leningrada),” Krasnoe znamia,
     December 1, 1926, no. 275 (1888).


109. Gerasim Pak, Interview Jon Chang, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, June 4, 2009.


110. “Sovpartshkola: Piat let,” Krasnoe znamia, April 29, 1928, no. 101 (2313): 2.


111. “Pravila priyoma v Vechernii Kommunisticheskii Universitet Vladivostokskoi
     Organizatsii VKP (b),” Krasnoe znamia, September 5, 1929, no. 203 (2718).


112. “Nash rabfak dal 280 studentov,” Krasnoe znamia, April 7, 1929, no. 79 (2594):


113. The 280 students represented 280 rabfak gradu ates from 1923  now eligible to enter a
     university or institute.


114. Martin, Affirmative Action Empire, 16, and Stalin, Work s 5, 247–250.


115. “Natsionalnyi vopros na printsipialnuu vysotu,” Krasnoe znamia, January 9, 1931,
     no. 7 (3174): 2.


116. GAKhK f. P-2, op. 1, d. 112, ll. 1–9.


117. Ibid., l. 9.


118. A r s ene v, Kitaitsy, 241. Also, when 77 Korean Red Army and OKDVA conscripts
     were demobilized after the Intervention in 1923, they were given land that was simply for-