Notes to Pages 252–256
- Alevis themselves in Germany and Turkey are today debating whether
Alevism is simply the true interpretation of Islam, a sect of Shi‘ism, or a separate
religion. - Yalman, Yakın tarihte gördüklerim ve geçirdiklerim, 2 : 1018.
- Faur, In the Shadow of History, 3.
- There were, however, massacres of Alevi following uprisings (Sheikh Said
in 1925 , Dersim in 1937 ). - Distrust of Alevi has led to periodic outbursts of sectarian violence against
the group, such as the burning of the Madımak Hotel in Sivas in east-central
Turkey in 1993 by radical Islamists, which killed thirty-seven writers and musi-
cians gathered for an Alevi cultural conference. On the Alevi, see Esra Özyürek,
“Beyond Integration and Recognition: Diasporic Constructions of Alevi Mus-
lim Identity Between Germany and Turkey,” in Transnational Transcendance: Es-
says on Religion and Globalization, ed. Thomas J. Csordas (Berkeley: University
of California Press, forthcoming, 2009 ); David Shankland, The Alevis in Tur-
key: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition (London: Routledge Curzon,
2003 ); Turkey’s Alevi Enigma: A Comprehensive Overview, ed. Paul J. White and
Joost Jongerden (Leiden: Brill, 2003 ); Hülya Küçük, The Role of the Bektāshīs
in Turkey’s National Struggle (Leiden: Brill, 2002 ); Harald Schüler, Türkiye’de
sosyal demokrasi: particilik, hemşehrilik, Alevilik (Istanbul: İletişim, 1999 ); Irene
Melikoff, Hacı Bektaş: Efsaneden gerçegˇe (Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Kitapları, 2004 ;
1998 ); and Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives. Papers Read
at a Conference Held at the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, November 25 – 27 ,
1996 , ed. Tord Olsson et al. (Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul,
1998 ). - Slezkine, Jewish Century, 36 – 37.
- Ibid., 41 , 43.
- Jacobs, Hidden Heritage, 28.
- Ibid., 29.
- Ibid., 30.
- Gilman, Jew’s Body, 169 – 93.
- Levi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler, 110.
- Günay Göksu Özdogˇan,“Turan”dan “Bozkurt”a: Tek parti döneminde
Türkçülük, 1931 – 1946 (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001 ), 197. - Renée Levine Melammed, Heretics or Daughters of Israel? The Crypto-
Jewish Women of Castile (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 ), 7. - This concept of the stranger or outsider comes from Georg Simmel,
quoted in Wolff, Sociology of Georg Simmel, 402 – 8 , cited in Jacobs, Hidden Heri-
tage, 127. - Tomas Atencio, “Crypto-Jewish Remnants in Manito Society and Cul-
ture,” Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review 18 ( 1996 ): 59 – 68.