The Eighties in America - Salem Press (2009)

Garneau had earned a bachelor of science degree
in engineering physics from the Royal Military Col-
lege in Kingston, Ontario, in 1970, and a doctorate
in electrical engineering from the Imperial College
of Science and Technology in London, England, in

1973. He then joined the Royal Canadian Navy, serv-
      ing in various engineering roles until his selection as
      an astronaut.
      Canada’s astronauts began to be trained by the
      National Aeronautics and Space Administration
      (NASA) at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in
      Houston, Texas, in February, 1984. Garneau be-
      came the first Canadian in space, flying as a payload
      specialist on the space shuttleChallengerfrom Octo-
      ber 5 to 13, 1984. His major responsibility as a pay-
      load specialist was to conduct experiments, and on
      this mission he operated CANEX-1, a package of Ca-
      nadian experiments focused on the human body’s
      responses to being in space, including the sensitivity
      of nerve endings and motion sickness. Because he
      lacked training as a mission specialist (an astronaut
      whose primary responsibility is the operation of
      spacecraft systems), Garneau could not operate the
      Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), a ro-
      botic arm developed and built in Canada that flew
      on all shuttle missions. Subsequent to his successful
      completion of his shuttle mission, Garneau left the
      Navy in 1989 to become deputy director of the Cana-
      dian Astronaut Program, as part of the newly formed
      Canadian Space Agency.

Impact Garneau’s role as the first Canadian in
space was overshadowed in the United States, be-
cause the mission he joined was also the first one
on which two woman astronauts, Sally Ride and
Kathryn Sullivan, flew into orbit on the same mis-
sion. Garneau’s flight received widespread attention
in Canada, however. It made Canadian citizens more
aware of their country’s efforts in space exploration
and paved the way for Canada’s role in the Interna-
tional Space Station (ISS).

Subsequent Events Garneau returned to the John-
son Space Center to train as a mission specialist in
August, 1992. He worked as a capsule communica-
tor for several shuttle flights before being selected to
fly onEndeavourfrom May 19 to 29, 1996. On that
mission, Garneau used the SRMS to retrieve a satel-
lite called SPARTAN and return it to the shuttle’s
payload bay. Garneau flew his third shuttle mission
onEndeavourfrom November 30 to December 11,

2000. He used the SRMS to install solar panels on the
      ISS and became the first Canadian to enter the ISS
      crew area. Garneau was appointed executive vice
      president of the Canadian Space Agency in Febru-
      ary, 2001. He became its president in November of
      the same year.

Further Reading

Dotto, Lydia.The Astronauts: Canada’s Voyageurs in

Space. Toronto: Stoddart, 1993.

_______.Canada in Space. Toronto: Irwin, 1987.

George J. Flynn

See also Canada and the United States; Science

and technology; Space exploration; Space shuttle

program.

Gehry, Frank

Identification Canadian American architect

Born February 28, 1929; Toronto, Ontario

Modernist architect Frank Gehr y emphasized the artistic as-

pects of architecture and influenced architects to approach

buildings as sculptural objects.

Frank Gehry, born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, grew

up in Toronto and Timmins in Canada. In 1947, his

family moved to Los Angeles, and he subsequently

became a naturalized American citizen. In 1954, he

graduated from the University of Southern Califor-

nia (USC). He had worked as an intern with Victor

Gruen Associates while still in school and joined the

firm as a full-time architect after earning his degree.

The draft interrupted his career, however, and Gehry

spent a year in the U.S. Army. He then studied urban

planning at Harvard University Graduate School of

Design. Returning to Los Angeles with his degree,

Gehry worked briefly for Pereira and Luckman be-

fore rejoining Gruen. He stayed at Gruen until mov-

ing in 1961 to Paris to join André Remondet for a

year. In 1962, Gehry opened his own firm, Frank

Gehry LLP, in Los Angeles.

Gehry had artist friends, such as Claes Oldenburg

and Jasper Johns, who used inexpensive materials

like broken wood and paper to create beautiful

works of art. Dissatisfied with the buildings that

he was creating, Gehry decided to apply the artis-

tic techniques of his friends to the construction

of buildings. When asked for his architectural in-

The Eighties in America Gehry, Frank
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