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60 chapter two
sphere of influence, a state of affairs which greatly intensified their rivalry
with the Mamluk sultanate.
hülegü’s successors each made it a point to tighten control over these
two great commercial routes, and this dominance provoked strong and
persistent reactions both within and beyond the Mongol world. the sud-
den and irreversible fragmentation of the chinggisid empire took place
against the background of these upheavals.