ed. Kavkaz i Lev Tolstoi, 1828–1928. Vladikavkaz, 1928.
Semenov, N. “Iz nedavniago proshlago na Kavkaze: Razskazy – vospomina-
niia o Chechenskom vozstanii v 1877 g.” Kavkazskii Vestnik, no. 4 (April
1900):21–37; no. 6 (June 1900):1–19.
Semenov, P.G. “Natsiia i natsional’naia gosudarstvennost’ v sssr.” Voprosy
Istorii, no. 7 (July 1966): 72–81.
Semenov, Petr Petrovich (Tian-Shanskii), ed. Istoriia poluvekovoi deiatel’nosti
Imperatorskago Russkago Geograficheskago Obshchestva 1845–1895. 3 parts.
StPetersburg, 1896.
Sergeenko, A.P. ‘Khadzhi Murat’ L’va Tolstogo. Moscow, 1983.
Seton-Watson, Hugh. The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914. New York:
F.A. Praeger, 1952.
The Russian Empire, 1801–1917. London: Clarendon, 1967.
Shamil’: Opisanie ego zhizni, o vziatii ego v plen, i o tom, kak on po vole proroka
vyterpel 95 udarov plet’mi po spine. Moscow, 1859.
Shatskii, P.A. “Russkaia kolonizatsiia territorii Karachaevo-Cherkesii v xix
veke.” In Istoriia Gorskikh i kochevykh narodov Severnogo Kavkaza 1:38–48.
Stavropol’, 1975.
Shebanov, A.F. “Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii.” Trudy
4(1970):277–304.
Sherbin, F.A. Istoriia Kubanskogo kazach’ego polka. Vol. 2. Ekaterinodar, 1913.
Shteppa, Konstantin F. “The ’Lesser Evil’ Formula.” In C.E. Black, ed., Rewrit-
ing Russian History, 107–20. New York, 1956.
Shul’gin, S. “Razskaz ochevidtsa o Shamile i ego sovremennikakh.” Sbornik
Materialov dlia opisaniia mestnostei i plemen Kavkaza, no. 32, part 1 (1903):1–76.
Sidorov, Vasilii. Kavkaz: Putevyia zametki i vpechatleniia. St Petersburg, 1897.
Slezkine, Yuri. Arctic Mirrors: The Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 1994.
“Savage Christians or Unorthodox Russians? The Missionary Dilemma in
Siberia.” In Galya Diment and Yuri Slezkine, eds., Between Heaven and Hell:
The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture, 15–31. New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1993.
“The ussr as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted
Ethnic Particularism.” Slavic Review 53, no. 2 (summer 1994):414–52.
Slocum, John W. “Who, and When, Were the Inorodtsy? The Evolution of the
Category of ‘Aliens’ in Imperial Russia.” Russian Review 57, no. 2 (April
1998):173–90.
Spencer, Edmund. Travels in Circassia. 2 vols. London: H. Colburn, 1839.
Stalin, Joseph. Marxism and the National Question: Selected Writings and
Speeches. New York, 1942.
Starr, S. Frederick. “Tsarist Government: The Imperial Dimension.” In Jeremy
R. Azrael, ed., Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices, 3–38. New York:
Praeger, 1978.