The Coming of the Greeksfurther, to 2100 B.C. Secondly, it is now quite clear that there
was no "Hittite invasion" of central Anatolia in the twentieth
century B.C. And we have seen that—whatever the relation-
ship between Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-European might
have been—the presence of Proto-Anatolian speakers in Hatti
at the beginning of the second millennium implies nothing
about "Indo-European invasions." Finally, what evidence there
is suggests that the Aryan incursion into India took place no
earlier than the middle centuries of the second millennium.
Thus, it is time to abandon the belief that Indo-Europeans, in
massive Volkswanderungen, began invading and taking over
other peoples' lands at the end of the third and the beginning
of the second millennium.
Let us turn to the facts. Aside from the Proto-Anatolian'
names in the Kiiltepe tablets, the earliest possibly Indo-Euro-
pean names that come to the historian's attention occur in a
Hittite document, known as the "Legend of the Cannibals,"
dating to ca. 1600 B.C.: three cities in Hurri (perhaps, but not
necessarily, synonymous with Mitanni) were at that time ruled
by men with what look like Aryan names—Urutitta, Uwagaz-
zana, and Uwanta. 22 And we may infer that at some time be-
fore the establishment of the Eighteenth Dynasty (ca. 1550
B.C.) there had come to the Levant the ancestors of those mar-
yannu princes whose Aryan names are so striking in the
Amarna correspondence. The very names of the PIE speakers
who appear in these early texts are redolent of horses. The name
of the greatest of the Great Kings of Mitanni, Tushratta (or
Tush-rata), meant something like "having the chariot (rata) of
terror." Bardashwa, the name of at least four individuals in
fifteenth-century Nuzi, meant "possessing great horses," and
Biridashwa (prince of Yanuamma) was "he who owns a grown
horse." The name of Zurata, prince of Accho, can be translated
as "one who owns a good chariot." 2 '
- Giiterbock, "Die historische Tradition," 108-109; cf- Al-
bright, "New Light," 30, and Drower, in CAH n, i: 420-21. - P. E. Dumont, "Indo-Iranian Names from Mitanni, Nuzi and
IJO