Appendix Two
B.C., and that is one of the two earliest references we have to
Umman Manda outside their natural habitat. The other refer-
ence appears in the astronomical observations made in the reign
of Ammisaduqa of Babylon: in his sixteenth or seventeenth
year (1631 or 1630 B.C.), Ammisaduqa defeated the Umman
Manda. 6 Ammisaduqa was not a predator, and it is improbable
that he had the wnerewithall to march three hundred miles
across the Zagros into the homeland of the Umman Manda.
The more likely alternative is that a force that Babylonian
scribes chose to call Umman Manda was on the move, and that
ca. 1630 B.C. it joined battle with Ammisaduqa somewhere on
Babylon's eastern frontier.
The name "Manda" appears as a place name in Section 54 of
the Hittite Laws, where it describes one group of military men
upon whom the Hittite kings of the Old Kingdom 7 depended:
"Hitherto the Manda warriors, the Sala warriors, the warriors
of the town of Tamalkiya, the warriors of the town of Hatra,
the warriors of the town of Zalpa, the warriors of the town of
Tashiniya, the warriors of the town of Himuwa, the archers,
the carpenters, the pages and the... did not render feudal
dues and did not perform feudal duties." 8 The five place names
identified as towns in the translation all are prefixed by the
ideogram URU ("town") in the original text, whereas the ideo-
gram is not prefixed to "Manda" and "Sala." Although Manda
was probably not a town, it very likely was (like all the other
proper names in Section 54) the name of a place several
hundred miles to the east or southeast of Hattusas. Julius Lewy
localized the homeland of the Umman Manda as the "ostlich
- Ibid., 31.
- J. Friedrich, Die hethitischen Gesetze (Leiden: Brill, 1959), in
his commentary on Section 54 notes that the places named in this sec-
tion played an important role "vor allem in Alten Chattireich." Billie
Jean Collins, §54 of the Hittite Laws and the Old Kingdom Periphery,"
Orientalia 56 (1987): 136—41, locates the places on the Upper Euphrates.
- Translation from Neufeld, The Hittite Laws.
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