296 PETER VAN ALfEN
8 Morris 2004 ; 2005 ; 2009 ; Ober 2010a; and Scheidel 2010 : esp. 440–2 with table 4, map the
dramatic economic growth and increase in the standards of living in the Greek world of
the sixth through fourth centuries BCE; Schaps 2004 provides a detailed look at monetiza-
tion; and Bresson 2000 ; 2008 , Harris 2002a, and Tandy 1997 trace the rise of markets in the
Archaic and Classical periods.
9 http://numismatics.academia.edu/PeterVanAlfen (accessed 2 December 2013).
10 Thuc. 2.69, discussed at p. 000, is suggestive of some attention, at least protection for incom-
ing ships, directed toward Levantine-Aegean trade by the Athenians, but there is no atten-
tion on the scale of that directed toward grain or timber, for which see Moreno 2007a and
Bissa 2009.
11 Private raiding conducted against enemy cargo ships (cf. Thuc. 2.69) under some form of
state sanction could well have brought in strategic items on a regular basis that then were
sold to the state. See Herman ( 1987 : 82–8) for gifts of mostly timber and grain by individu-
als to various poleis; cf. also the honors given to Archelaus, King of Macedonia, for, among
other things, his gift of timber and oars to Athens in 407–6 BCE (IG I^2 105 = ML 91).
12 Berry’s 1994 study, for example, explores the social and economic concepts of needs and
luxuries, illustrating at length the fluidity in the concepts. See also Sherratt and Sherratt
1991 ; Foxhall 1998b; 2005 ; and Morley 2007 : 39–43.
13 While I base the era in the Date column on the earliest textual or archaeological evi-
dence for the items’ appearance in Levantine–Aegean trade, I have sometimes made a
guess as to which seems best to suit the evidence. For example, while there is archae-
ological evidence for pepper in Bronze Age Egyptian tombs, nothing yet points to
Levantine–Aegean trade in the spice until the Persian period. Hence I give ‘PP’ in the
column rather than ‘BA.’
14 ‘Impressions’ needs to be stressed; both the nature of the evidence – full of lacunae and chro-
nologically vague – and the perils of quantifying this evidence make any results more hard
and fast than impressions impossible.
15 51 out of the 125 classes found in Table 12.2.
16 The evidence for Late Bronze Age trade and commodities – archaeological and textual – is
generally richer and more varied than it is for the Iron Age; the evidence also indicates that
trade, however we define it for that period, occurred on a what appears to have been a large
scale; see Sherratt and Sherratt 1991 ; Cline 1994.
17 From the Far East: eaglewood, nard, sandalwood, silk; none from the Middle East; from
Arabia: frankincense; from the Levant: antimony, crimson; from the Aegean: silver, lead;
from the ubiquitous category: iron, ochre, quartzes, raisins, slaves.
18 Amomon, beryls, bitumen, cardamom, cassia, cinnamon, corundum, costum, cotton, silk,
nutmeg, pepper, pearls, rice, tumeric, azurite, camel’s thorn, cedar, cinnabar, dates, greenearth,
gypsum, malachite, verdigris, semidalis.
19 From the Aegean: fuller’s earth, marble, styrax, sugar of lead, terracottas; from Asia
Minor: lykion, touchstone; from Egypt/North Africa: balanos oil, castor oil, cats, natron;
from the ubiquitous category: alkanet, lichens, salt, sulphur.
20 From the Levant these are: antimony, azurite, cinnabar, greenearth(?), gypsum, malachite,
verdigris(?); from the Aegean: fuller’s earth; from the ubiquitous category: alkanet, lichens,
sulphur(?).
21 The lack of any combination of archaeological, visual, and textual evidence before the
Persian period for these goods, plus the way they are discussed by contemporaries (e.g.,
Theophr. Hist. pl. 4.4.10 on rice; Hdt. 3.47 and 106 on cotton) makes it quite certain that
these were Persian period introductions.
22 This is calculated from the total number of east to west goods, 54 (Table 12.1:A), and the
total of Aegean to the east goods, 10 (Table 12.1:B) which gives an actual ratio of 3.35:1.
I have not included the ‘ubiquitous’ goods or the Asia Minor and Egyptian goods in this
figure; the addition of the ubiquitous category to each side does nothing for the final ratio,